SET FOUR
Through & Throughout
'Through' generally means
‘by means of’.
I got my passport
issued through an agent.
I sold my house
through a dealer.
Sometimes it means to go into or to pass.
Our train passed
through a tunnel.
Water flowed through
a plastic pipe.
He is passing through
a very difficult period these days.
Through also means ‘completed’.
I shall be through by
then. Meaning that I shall complete it
by then.
Through is used as a
preposition in idiom also.
He got through his
examination. Meaning He passed his examination.
I saw him through his
trick. Meaning I came to know about his
clever act.
I have gone through
this book. Meaning I have read this book.
Throughout means
‘complete’, ‘whole’ or ‘entire’.
The patient did not
sleep throughout the night. Meaning
The patient did not sleep during the whole night.
The labourer worked
throughout the day. =
The labourer worked
during the whole day.
A common mistake that occurs in the use of the
word ‘throughout’ is that with ‘throughout’ , the word ‘whole’ is also used.
The patient cried
throughout the whole night.
Here ‘whole’ is
repetition. The word throughout itself includes the meaning of ‘whole’. Here it
should be throughout the night.
Already & All Ready
Already is a combined
word. It means that ‘at a time prior
to present time’
They had already reached
there. Meaning that they were present there at a time prior to this time.
He had already made
all the arrangements.
All Ready are two
separate words. These together mean that all the persons are ready. It should not be confused
with ‘already’.
We were all ready by
the time he reached our house.
Avenge & Revenge
Avenge and Revenge
appear to be same words but these are two different words and have different
meanings. Avenge is a general term. A person does an action to get justice to
the harm done to him. But revenge is an action done out of personal enmity with
another person. Revenge is taken with a
view of personal feelings in mind whereas action in avenge is based on feelings
to get justice for any harm to a person.
Discover & Invent
Discover means to
come to know about something which already existed there. In other words Discover
means to uncover a covered thing to make it known to the people.
Invent to find out a thing which is new and which is
not known earlier.
Accept & Except
The word ‘Accept’ is
used as verb and it means to get to obtain or to receive as :
Please accept my
heartiest congratulations.
He accepted our
invitation.
‘Accept’ is also used
as ‘to agree to’ or in other words ‘not to disagree to’.
They accepted our
proposal. Means that they agreed to our
proposal.
‘Except’ is generally
used as a preposition or a conjuction. It means leaving or barring. E.g.
All except John went
to the market.
All the students were
present in the class except John.
Except is also used as verb meaning ‘to exclude’ or
‘not to include’. i.e.
Some areas of the
town have been excepted from inclusion in the capital area.
Here excepted means
excluded.
Affect
& Effect
Generally, ‘affect’ is used as a verb and ‘effect’as a
noun.e.g.
His adverse remarks
had no effect on her.
His arrogant attitude
will affect his reputation in the public.
Affect is used as a
verb only but effect is used as a noun
as well as a verb.
Affect means to show
off. It also means to pretend to be or to feign.
She affects what she
does not know.
Affect also means to
cause an effect or to bring a change.
His bad habits will affect his health.
His bad habits will
have effect on his health
All the members of
team affected their victory through their united efforts.
It means that all the
members of team brought about their victory by dint of their collective team
work.
Than & Then
The word ‘Than’ is
used for comparison of two things or actions i.e. comparative degree of
adjective or adverb.
He is more intelligent than his brother.
He moves faster than
her.
Then is used to
denote time which is different from now.
By then, we all
reached there. Meaning By that time we all reached there.
There is tendency of
using the with then which does not seem appropriate.
When the boss reached
the office, then all the employees
started their work.
Then in the second
part is appropriate if emphasis is to be laid on the action
presented in second part of the
sentence. However in normal case it can be: All the employees started their work when the boss
reached the office. Here ‘then’ is superfluous.
Who,
Which, Who’s & Whose.
Who is used for a
living being whereas which is used for living & non living things.
Who teaches you
English? Which is
your book?
Which sometimes is
used with reference to a particular class and it implies a selection out of that class.
Which of you is going
to Delhi?
Here it implies
that ‘you’ is a group of known persons and selection is out
of those known persons.
If the sentence
is-------
Who is he? It means that it is enquiring about
name and parentage etc.of he. Its answer is He is John.
Which is he? It means
that it is enquiring about ‘he’ out of a group of persons. Its answer is He is one standing third in the
second row.
What is he? It means
that it is enquiring about profession of
‘he’.Its answer is He is a doctor.
Who’s is the
shortened form of ‘who is’. Here ‘I’ of ‘is’
is omitted.
Who’s he? Or Who is
he?
Whose is a pronoun in
possessive case and it refers to a person or persons.
This is the boy whose
book was stolen.
In an interrogative
case it is:
Whose book is this?
Beside & Besides
Beside means by the
side of.
The child was sitting beside its mother. His house
is beside his office.
Besides means ‘in
addition to’.
Besides Howard and Smith, John also went there.
Besides a trophy, the
winning team got money also as prize.
Besides is also used an
adverb in an idiom
He was beside himself
with joy.
Fear, Frighten, Scare & Afraid
Fear and afraid show
the habit of a person of being dread of someone or something.
I am afraid of a
lion.
There is a feeling of
fear among all the residents of the colony.
Frighten and Scare show
sudden feeling of fear of a person.
His appearance in
dark frightened me.
All were scared to
hear a loud noise at night.
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