ERRORS RELATING TO PARELLEL PLACEMENT &SUBJECT VERB ARRANGEMENT

 

There are error based questions in the examination. Though pattern and style go on changing but the basic fact of finding out and  correcting errors remains the same.

Here are some examples of questions asked in recent competitive examinations.

EXERCISE NO 1.

1. She, immaculate in her appearance,(A)  articulate in speech, clad in (B) modest attire, always portray (C) herself as a noble lady in her field(D).

2. The four exits of the hall (A) which are there to facilitate smooth passage(B) to  the public, is kept open at the  (C)end of the show, so that there is no scuffle at that time.(D)

3. Various responsibilities of the head of the (A) institution, including supervision of juniors and  (B) maintenance of discipline among them, requires (C) considerable patience and organizational skills(D).

4. The audit team, conducting audit of the company,  (A) comprising experts from various fields, have (B) submitted its interim report of the progress (C) achieved  by the company in its first quarter (D).

5. If someone from sales (A)  approve the invoices  submitted (B) to them, we can easily (C) start the process   of final settlement(D).

6. The scene shifted from the hustle bustle (A) of the city to a deserted place (B) where the protagonist was walking lonely (C)  on the road searching for his companion (D).

7. The village school,  serving (A) children from remote areas also, not only (B)  imparts good education to its students (C) but also take care of their health (D). 

8. Little he cares about his (A) personal reputation, as I know him, (B) but he does care about the harm any inaccuracy (C)  might do to his credibility in his field (D).

9. The guide, by cutting jokes and telling short stories, entertain the passengers while telling them about the historic sites.

Answers 

1. She , the subject, third person singular, in present indefinite tense requires s or es with verb.So it should be portrays and not portray.

2. 'The four exits'  is plural so it requires ' are kept open' and not ' is kept open'.

3. It should be ' require considerable..' and not 'requires considerable...'

4. 'The audit team.....has submitted' and not 'have submitted'.

5. The subject is singular so it should be 'approves' instead of 'approve'.

6. It should be alone and not lonely.

7. It should be 'takes care of ' and not 'take care of'.

8. Little does he care about..

9. 'Entertains' instead of 'Entertain'.

EXERCISE NO. 2

Fill in the blanks.

1. Anyone who disobeys official orders in the office despite repeated warnings ............(lose/loses/ is losing) respect and confidence of  his colleagues and seniors.

2. Every individual who.......... want/ wants /wanted lasting respect rather than winning temporary popularity never makes any decision that satisfies immediate public opinion.

3. Whoever ............. make/ makes/ made  hasty decisions in his life undergoes unnecessary stress that can be avoided by making planned and rational decisions.

4. Every seasoned writer portrays his characters from real life so much so that their thoughts, emotions and conflicts resemble/resembles/ is resembling  those of real life characters.

5. Researchers.............. study/ studied /studying ways to preserve astronauts' health ensure that their work ............ benefit/ benefits /benefitted men both in space and here at home.

    

EXERCISE NO.3

1. The growing popularity of plant-based diets among urban consumers (A) a trend closely monitored by nutrition researchers (B) are gradually becoming a significant factor (C) in the development of new products (D).

2. The rapid expansion of online retail platforms (A) /despite growing concern over consumer data privacy(B)/ have transformed traditional shopping behaviour (C)/ contemporary marketing practices(D).

3. A new environmental policy, to both reduce industrial emissions (A) / and encouraging investment in renewable energy (B) /across the rapidly expanding manufacturing sector of the region, is in the offing.(D).

4. He though progressed (A)/  very well in his life but (B)/  the only mistake he did (C)/ in his life, has totally ruined him. (D).

5. The managing committee together with the chairman (A) believes that the college building (B)/ will be ready for its occupation within (C)/ this year and they will 

starts the next session in it (D).

6. The research programme's goals included (A)/ mapping endangered habitats , training local volunteers , and (B)/ to develop a long term conservation strategy (C) for the surrounding forest region (D).

7. The new education policy (A) designed to develop employment oriented (B) programmes promises to create new jobs (C) but it also rises certain concerns about candidates' future(D).

8.  The recently recovered documents confirm the ambassador's account (A) /and exposes previously unknown negotiations (B)/, indicate the need for a careful reassessment (C) /of the kingdom's diplomatic history(D).

9. Were the management committee to have (A)/ anticipated such adverse (B)/ circumstances it might have selected a safer (C)/ recourse and prevented the tragic eventuality(D).

10. The numerous pressures confronting coastal communities (A)/ ranging from rising sea levels to declining fisheries, frequently requires (B)/ a coordinating policy (C)/ to ensure a long term resilience (D).

11. The numerous pressures confronting coastal communities (A)/ ranging from rising sea levels to declining fisheries, frequently requires (B)/ a coordinating policy (C)/ to ensure a long term resilience (D).

ANSWERS 

1. Is gradually instead of are gradually.

2. ...the rapid expansion

....'has' and not 'have' transformed'

3. On one side it is 'to reduce' and on the other ' encouraging investment', it should be 'to encourage'.

4. Mistake is  'did' it should be 'made'.

5. "will starts' is wrong it should be 'will start'.

6. 'Mapping...training and not to develop but developing'.

7. Not 'it also rises' but 'it also raises'.

8. In place of '......and exposes' 'and expose'.

9. Instead of 'were the management.......anticipated..' 'Had the management

........anticipated...'

10. In place 'are gradually' it is 'is gradually'.

11. It is subject verb arrangement mistake. 'The numerous pressures.....frequently require' and not requires

TRANSFORMATION -- AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES INTO NEGATIVE SENTENCES

 Sentences are  categorised into three namely Affirmative sentences, Negative sentences and Interrogative sentences. An affirmative sentence is also called Positive sentence or Declarative sentence or a Statement sentence.

While considering a sentence positive or negative its structure is considered and not its sense. For example

He is unhappy is a Positive sentence. It cannot be called a negative sentence because of its sense. Its structure is of a positive sentence.

An affirmative sentence can be changed into Negative sentence or vice versa  without changing its meaning or sense. For making such a change words like No, Never, Nobody, None, No one, Scarcely, Hardly or seldom etc. are used.

In no case tense, sense or meaning of the sentence should be changed.

Different methods are used to change a positive sentence into a negative sentence.

BY USING ANTONYM

An adjective or adverb is changed with its antonym and adding not in the sentence. For example

He is a brave man.           ....Positive Sentence

He is not a timid man.     ....Negative Sentence

CHANGE OF EVERY, EVERYONE, EVERYBODY ETC.

Every, Everyone or everybody is changed into no, none, no one or nobody etc. 

Everybody was present in the meeting.

Nobody was absent from the meeting.

Every rose has a thorn. 

No rose is without a thorn.

He  painted every house .

He left no house without paint. 

CHANGE OF ALWAYS, OFTEN

Adverb of frequency 'always' shows continuity. It is not a one time action but a continuous action. So 'always' replaces 'never'. 

He always speaks truth.

He never tells a lie.

'Always' cannot be changed with 'not'. 

This cannot be 

He does not tell a lie.

He often remembers me.

He never misses to remember me.

CHANGE OF DEGREE

A positive sentence can be changed into negative by changing its degree.

This house is better than others.

No other house is as good as this.

He is the strongest man.

No other man is stronger than him. 

CHANGE OF TOO ..TO

A sentence with 'too and to' is changed with 'so and that'.

He is too weak to walk.

He is so weak that he cannot walk.

CHANGE OF AS SOON AS

'As soon as' is changed with 'No sooner than'.

As soon as he entered the house it started raining.

No sooner did he ener the house it started raining.

CHANGE OF ALL

All is used as collective pronoun or adjective. It changes into No.

All the residents were sleeping.

There was no resident that was not sleeping.

Here two negatives are used. ' No resident' and 'not' are used here.

CHANGE OF ONLY & ALONE

Only changes into 'None or Nobody No one and but'. OR ' No other than '.

Only Ram can create a problem for us.

None but Ram can create a problem for us.

Only the President of the committee can tell. 

No body other than the president of the committee can tell.

Alone John could swim across the river.

None other than John could swim across the river.

CHANGES WITH 'NOT WITHOUT'

A positive sentence can be changed into negative by adding words 'not without'.

His friend bears a grudge against him.

His friend is not without a grudge against him.

His father feels pride for his achievement.

His father is not without  pride for his achievement.

CHANGES WITH 'Fail to'

Sometimes simple sentences are changed by using the words 'fail to'.

I joined the party immediately.

I did not fail to join the party immediately.

She responded to his action.

She did not fail to respond to his action.

Similarly negative sentences can be changed into assertive sentences by reversing the process.

He never comes to office in time.

He always comes to office late.

Here are some sentences for practice.

1. He fears ill treatment at the party.

2. Only a skilled driver could save the accident.

3. He reached in time.

4. Now a carpenter alone can repair this chair.

5. He always attends the meetings of the committee.

ANSWERS

1. He does not expect good treatment at the party.

2. No one but a skilled driver could save the accident.

3. He did not fail to reach in time.

4. Now no one other than a carpenter can repair this chair.

5. He never misses to attend the meetings of the committee.

EXERCISES

ONE

Choose the correct option of negative sentence out of the given options.

1. Only God can save him now.

a. None other than God cannot save him now.

b. Everyone except God can save him now.

c. None except God cannot save him now.

d. None else but God can save him now.

2. We will always follow your advice.

a. We will not fail to deny your advice.

b. We will not be failing if we follow your advice.

c. We will never fail to follow your advice.

d. We fail not to follow your advice.

3. All except the boss are present in the meeting.

a. No one but the boss is present in the meeting.

b. All but the boss are absent in the meeting.

c. None other than boss is absent in the meeting.

d. No one except the boss is present in the meeting.

4. I shall always remember old days spent here.

a. I shall never forget old days spent here.

b. I shall be unable to remember old days spent here.

c. I shall not be able to remember old days spent here.

d. I shall not manage to remember old days spent here.

5. Make haste lest you should miss the train.

a. Make haste otherwise you may not catch the train.

b. Make haste if you donot want to catch the train.

c. Make haste if you donot miss the train.

d. Make haste not to catch the train.

TWO

1. He always falters in his performance.

a. He does not falter in his performance.

b. He never acts falteringly in his performance.

c. He never performs steadily.

d. He did not perform in a faltering way.

2. Everybody was surprised to see him in this condition.

 a. Nobody was but surprised to see him in this condition.

b.None was surprised to see him in this condition.

c. None is but surprised to see him in this condition.

d. Nobody is surprised to see him in this condition.

3. His family was excited on his success.

a. His family was not without excitement on his success.

b. His family did not fail to excite on his success.

c. His family is not without excited on his success.

d. His family is not feeling excited on his success.

4. Only the wearer knows where the shoe pinches.

a. It is the wearer who does not know where the shoe pinches.

b. No body else knows where the shoe pinches.

c. No one else but the wearer knows where the shoe pinches.

d. No one and the wearer knows where the shoe pinches.

5. He expects me to help him.

a. He wishes  not I should   help him.

b. He desires me not but to help him.

c. He expects none but me to help him.

d. He expects me not I must help him.

THREE

1. Only the science students can apply for this post

a. All but the science students can apply for this post.

b. None but the science students cannot apply for this post.

c. None but the science students can apply for this post.

d. Only but the science students can apply for this post.

2. Everyone is dependent.

a. Everyone is not independent.

b. Everyone is not dependent.

c. Nobody is dependent.

d. Nothing is dependent.

3. Our Maths teacher was absent yesterday.

a. Our Maths teacher was not present yesterday.

b. Our Maths teacher has not been present yesterday.

c. Our Maths teacher had not been present yesterday.

d. Our Maths teacher has not presented yesterday.

4. Passing the subject is easy.

a. Passing the subject has not been easy.

b. Passing the subject is not difficult.

c. Passing the subject is not difficult as they think.

d. Passing the subject was not difficult.

5. I will always follow non-violence.

a. I will not be failing to follow non-violence.

b. I will fail not to follow non-violence.

c. I will never fail to follow non-violence.

d. I will not deny to follow non-violence.

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Mark the part of the following sentences which contains an error.

1. The authorities have made /an appeal to various

social organizations/  not to turn back /to the flood victims and/ extend their maximum help to them/.

2. Starting with /grocery items Seema /made a long list of the /odd things to purchase /during her shopping/.

3. A creature that /can think and /understand things /is the man/.

4. I tried to stay awoke but it was so dark outside that nothing was visible through the windows, I fell asleep again.

5. Some people may feel different levels of social pressure when it comes to admit (admitting) atheism, even anonymously.

6. Before assessing the encrypted database You had better to verify every  credentials to avoid any unauthorised access.

7. I noticed that many high qualified candidates had applied for the post of principal of this college.

8. The matter of pride is not that he won the medal but the defeat of his so strong rivals.

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1. A new environmental policy, to both reduce industrial emissions (A) / and encouraging investment in renewable energy (B) /across the rapidly expanding manufacturing sector of the region, is in the offing.(D).

2. He though progressed (A)/  very well in his life but (B)/  the only mistake he did (C)/ in his life has totally ruined him. (D).

3. The numerous pressures confronting coastal communities (A)/ ranging from rising sea levels to declining fisheries, frequently requires (B)/ a coordinating policy (C)/ to ensure a long term resilience (D).

4. The managing committee together with the chairman (A) believes that the college building (B)/ will be ready for its occupation within (C)/ this year and they will 

starts the next session in it (D).

5. The research programme's goals included (A)/ mapping endangered habitats , training local volunteers , and (B)/ to develop a long term conservation strategy (C) for the surrounding forest region (D).

6. The new education policy (A) designed to develop employment oriented (B) programmes promises to create new jobs (C) but it also rises certain concerns about candidates' future(D).

7. The rapid expansion of online retail platforms (A) /despite growing concern over consumer data privacy(B)/ have transformed traditional shopping behaviour, (C)/ contemporary marketing practices(D).

8.  That the recently recovered documents confirm the ambassador's account (A) /and exposes previously unknown negotiation(B)/ indicates the need for a careful reassessment (C) /of the kingdom's diplomatic history(D).

9. Were the management committee to have (A)/ anticipated such adverse (B)/ circumstances it might have selected a safer (C)/ recourse and prevented the tragic eventuality(D).

10. The growing popularity of plant-based diets among urban consumers (A) a trend closely monitored by nutrition researchers (B) are gradually becoming a significant factor (C) in the development of new products (D).

11. Hardly did the world powers realised that India would one day  compete with developed countries in the field of space as it sends its men to travel in space.

VERB --PLACE OF A VERB IN A SENTENCE --- EXPLANATION WITH EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES

 VERB -- IMPORTANCE

A VERB carries a very important place in a sentence. A sentence simply cannot be without a verb. If a sentence is to be of one word then it is only verb. 

For example : Go . Stop. 

These are complete sentences in themselves. 

A verb can be of one word or it can be more than one words.

A verb that describes the action done by Subject  or describes the subject.

VERB-- AFTER SUBJECT

It is  placed immediately after Subject in a declarative sentence. 

In a negative sentence, a helping verb and 'not', with a change in verb according to the tense is used. 

Helping verb is used in the beginning of the sentence in an interrogative sentence.

A verb in a sentence with an object is called Transitive verb. For example 

John writes a letter.

Here 'John' is subject and 'letter' is Object. It is a transitive verb.

If there is no object in the sentence verb is called intransitive verb. 

He sleeps. 

It is a intransitive verb. 

These verbs are placed  after Subject. 

VERB --IN THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE.

Sometimes to emphasize a particular  action an adverb is written in the beginning of the sentence. With adverb , the helping verb is also written in the beginning of the sentence. 

For example 

 I had hardly  reached the station when the train left. 

It will be written as

Hardly had I reached the station when the train left.

Verb is also used in the beginning of the sentence to emphasize an action. 

For example 

The days are gone when we played footbal. 

It will be written as 

Gone are the days when we played football.

Main verb will be accompanied by the helping verb.

The building tumbled down like a pack of cards.

Tumbled down the building like a pack of cards.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

In interrogative sentences a helping verb is used in the beginning of the sentence like 

Do you know him?

Will you go there? 

In interrogative sentences with 'wh' a helping verb is used after the word with 'wh' like 

Where do you live?

Why did not you come?

In interrogative sentences where 'what' and 'who' are used as Subject complete verb is used after the word with 'wh' like 

What made you sad?

Who helps the poor?

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

In imperative sentences a verb is placed in the beginning of the sentence. A subject 'you' is persumed  before that. 

Go out. Means

You go out.

VERB IN EMPHATIC MANNER 

 A verb is also used to lay emphasis on the action being undertaken. 

For example 

He did realize your position but he was helpless.

In this sentence verb realized has been segregated to did and realize to give stress on the action being done by this verb.  

Similarly

He does work hard but he does not succeed. 

His action of working hard is being emphasised here.

A NOUN AS A VERB

A Noun is also used as a verb. 

For example

He siphoned water.

Siphon is a noun but is used here as a verb.

It is placed immediately after the subject.

EXERCISE

Use the following Nouns as verb in sentences.

Chair, Plant, Face,Spring, Head.

1. The secretary in the absence of the  president chaired the meeting.

2. The boy planted a number of saplings in the garden.

3. He faced the challenge bravely.

4. Visualising the impending danger, the woman sprang into action.

5. A very capable and learned gentleman is heading this institution.

Identify verbs in the following paragraph.

A dove was sitting on the bank of a river singing a song. A crow sitting on a nearby tree was listening to her song. He felt jealous. He called the dove and said," People love you very much because your voice is sweet. But your look is very shabby. I also sing sweet but people donot like me. What is the reason? " The dove politely said ," If you stop finding  faults with others, people will like you too."

 

Choose the appropriate verb in the following blanks.

1. If I ....... (was/were) you, I would not have pocketed this insult.

2. A pair of  shoes he purchased yesterday .........(is/are) missing.

3. Neither of the answers he has submitted .........(is/are) correct.

4. Not only the president but also the secretary ........(was/were) absent in the meeting.

5. The students as well the teacher  .........  (was/were) present in the class.

NOUN -- ITS PLACEMENT IN A SENTENCE

 A sentence comprises Subject and Predicate. 

AS SUBJECT AND OBJECT

A noun(or pronoun) is used as a Subject and an Object in a sentence. Predicate includes a finite verb. 

A noun is a doer in case of Subject and a recipient in case of Object. A Noun does the work in case of Subject and receives the fruit of work in case of Object.

For example

John writes a letter. 

John is Subject. He is doing some work. 

John helps Smith.

'Smith' is receiving help. 

'Smith' is Object here.

AS AN ADJECTIVE

A noun can  modify another noun also. It is called a noun adjunct or attributive noun.

 

Like regular adjectives it does not change forms i.e. it does not take comparative or superlative degrees. Example Mango tree, School Bus, Wall paper, Book worm etc.  

These nouns (used as adjectives) are mostly used in singular form e.g.Table cloth, Bed sheet etc. 

These nouns show the purpose e.g. Office table, Water tank etc.

These show type or category : Army man, Sanitory worker etc.

These can be according to origin London bridge, Wall street etc.

These can be according to material used e.g. Paper napkin, Gold ring etc.

These can be according to time Morning walk, Summer vacation etc.

These are according to possession or relation Group photo, Hair pin etc. 

GERUND

'Artificial nouns' i.e.

Gerunds too are used as adjectives. 

For example Running car, Swimming pool etc. 

A Gerund is used as an adjective  with subject as well as Object. 

For example 

A flying squad reached there. 

'Squad' is doing some work. So it is subject case. 'Flying' a Gerund is modifying it.

He stopped the running water.

'Water' is Object  here and 'running' is modifying it i.e. its Adjective.

DIFFERENCE GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE

 Besides a Gerund, a Present Participle also qualifies a noun. For example:

A swimming person feels light.

Here person is a noun and Swimming is a Gerund qualifying it. A Gerund is acting as an adjective. Person is doing some work it is subject. It is a doer.

A Swimming pool is under construction.

Here 'pool' is a noun and Swimming qualifies it. It acts as an adjective. Here pool is not a doer. Pool is not Swimming. Its quality is Swimming. A pool that is used for Swimming. So its adjective 'Swimming' is present pariciple.

SUBJECT AND OBJECT AS DOER

In active voice subject is the doer and Object is recipent. But sometimes object is also doer. Both subject and Object are doers. 

John saw Smith.

John is subject the doer.

John saw Smith singing.

Here both subject and Object are doers. 

Here present Participle 'singing' is used.

Similarly 

John allowed Smith to go.

In this case both Subject and Object are doers. Both subject and object are doing work. Here infinitive 'to go' is used. Sometimes 'to' is omitted and bare infinitive is used. 

John allowed Smith go.

Here are some examples of Nouns used as adjectives.

Light house, House boat, Rock salt, Sun light, Ship yard, Stone wall, Cricket ball, Rock garden, Flower pot, Day light, Book binder,Battle field, Cow dung, Sun burn, Bathroom, Honey trap, 

CONVERSION OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE INTO A COMPOUND SENTENCE & VICE VERSA

                                              

A Simple sentence contains  a clause and finite verb. A Compound sentence contains a Principal clause and at least one co-ordinate clause. In order to change a Simple sentence into a Compound sentence a word or a phrase in a simple sentence is expanded into a co-ordinate clause. A conjunction according to the meaning and sense of the sentence is used while making a compound sentence. 

A compound sentence contains an independent clause. It may contain one or more co-ordinate clauses. The main conjunctions used while making a complex sentence are And, But, So, Or, Nor, Otherwise, Else, Not only....but also, Either....or, Niether....nor etc.

EXAMPLES

Despite hard work, he failed.

He worked hard but he failed. 

In the first sentence, the phrase 'Despite hard work' has been changed to a clause 'He worked hard' and a conjunction 'but' has been added. 

Walk fast to reach in time.

Walk fast otherwise you will be late. The infinitive 'to reach' has been expanded to a clause  'you will be late' conjunction is 'otherwise'.

There are more than one co-ordinate clauses also used in the sentence. 

Going around the fair, meeting with her friends, she felt very happy.

She went around the fair, she met with her friends and she felt very happy.

CONVERSION OF A COMPOUND SENTENCE INTO A SIMPLE SENTENCE

Similarly a compound sentence can be changed into a simple sentence. A compound sentence has a Principal clause and one or more co-ordinate clauses. A co- ordinate clause is changed into phrase etc. 

He is hard of hearing so he cannot hear well.

Being hard of hearing he cannot hear well.

A clause 'He is hard of hearing' has been changed to 'Being hard of hearing'.

He is very intelligent and he is hard working also.

Besides being intelligent he is hard working  also.

EXERCISE

 Change the following simple sentences into compound sentences.

1. Being busy in the office I could not attend the function.

2. Besides being an athlete he is a swimmer also.

3. Inspite of trying hard he could not get the job.

4. He must work hard to clear his examination.

5. Mohan was punished for his carelessness.

ANSWERS

1. I was busy in the office so I could not attend the function.

2. He is not only an athlete but also a swimmer.

3. He tried hard but he could not get the job.

4. He must work hard otherwise he will not clear his examination.

5. Mohan was careless so he was punished.

CONVERSION OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE INTO A SIMPLE SENTENCE

 

A sentence generally consists of a Subject, Verb and Object. Sometimes object is missing. But verb is an essential part of the sentence. A sentence cannot be without a verb. Only A verb too can form a complete sentence. Start. This is a complete sentence.

Sentences are usually of three types, Simple, Complex and Compound sentence. 

A simple sentence can be changed into a complex sentence and vice versa without changing its sense and meaning.

A complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence in the following manners. 

BY USING AN INFINITIVE

A complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence by replacing a clause of the sentence by an infinitive. 

He wanted that I should teach him.

He wanted me to teach him.

She expected that I should help her.

She expected me to help her.

BY USING A PRESENT PARTICIPLE

A  complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence by using a Present Participle   in place of a clause in the sentence . 

He fell down when he was crossing the road.

While crossing the road he fell down.

He started doing his job when he was studying.

While studying he started doing his job.

BY USING A PAST PARTICIPLE

A  complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence by using a Past Participle   in place of a clause in the sentence . 

He heaved a sigh of relief after he received his payment.

Having received his payment he heaved a sigh of relief.

He surrendered after he was defeated in the battle.

Defeated in the battle he surrendered.

BY USING A NOUN

A  complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence by substituting a noun in place of a clause in the sentence.

He was rewarded as he acted bravely.

He was rewarded for his act of bravery.

The meeting was adjourned as they could not decide anything.

The meeting was adjourned without

 any decision. OR

They adjourned the meeting without taking any decision.

The Principal stressed that the premises should be clean.

The Principal stressed on cleanliness of the premises.

BY USING A GERUND

A  complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence by substituting a gerund in place of a clause in the sentence.

He started shouting when he  saw fire in the store.

Seeing fire in the store he started shouting.

He cited so many examples while he explained his point of view.

Citing so many examples he explained his point of view.

EXERCISE ONE

1. A person who is hard-working and intelligent never fails.

2. What he said was true.

3. Pay attention to what I say.

4. He has no suggestion that he can offer.

5. I get up when the sun rises.

6. When the cat is away the mice will play.

7. I wish that he should succeed.

8. The person who wears a crown is sure to lie uneasy.

9. As soon as he arrived all stood up.

10. I donot know who wrote this book.

Exercise TWO

1. He was retired from his service when he turned sixty.

2. The driver applied brakes when he saw a child coming towards his vehicle.

3. India turned down the request of America as it was not acceptable.

4. The Minister left for Rajghat after he took the oath.

5. He left India when he was fifteen.

6. The fox started praising the crow when she saw a piece of cheese in its mouth.

7. He was scared when he saw a snake in the garden.

8. The judge adjourned the court after he delivered  his judgement.

9. No one knows who he is.

10. Can you tell me which road leads to the station?

ANSWERS

EXERCISE ONE

1. A hard-wotking and intelligent person never fails.

2. He said truth.

3. Attend to my saying.

4. He has no suggestion to offer.

5. I get up at the sun- rise.

6. In the absence of cat the mice will play.

7. I wish him to succeed.

OR I wish him success.

8. The person wearing a crown is sure to lie uneasy.

9. On his arrival all stood up.

10. I donot know the writer of this book.

EXERCISE TWO

1. On turning sixty he was retired from his service.

2. Seeing the child coming to his vehicle the driver applied brakes.

3. It being not acceptable India turned down the request of America.

4. Taking the oath the minister left for Rajghat.

5. He left India at the age of fifteen.

6. Seeing a piece of cheese in its mouth the fox started praising the crow.

7. He was scared on seeing a snake in the garden.

8. After delivering his judgement the judge adjourned the court.

9. No one knows him.

10. Can you tell me the road leading to the station?