FUTURE TENSE ---- FUTURE PERFECT TENSE --- EXPLANATION WITH EXERCISES

FUTURE  PERFECT TENSE

Future Perfect Tense shows that the action will take place in the time to come. It is used in simple sentences as well as in complex sentences. In complex sentences there are two actions relating to each other, one occurring before the other. The sentence relating to the action taking place earlier is in Present Indefinite tense and the sentence of the later action is in Future Perfect Tense.

In Future perfect tense 'Shall or Will followed by have and third form of verb are used.

 For example I shall have finished my work.

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

In this tense with ‘shall or will’, have & third form of verb is used.

 For Example: 

• I shall  have taken my meals.

• The teacher will have marked attendance by then.

• Boys will have won the match.

• You will have finished your work by tomorrow evening.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

In this sentence with ‘shall or will’, not   have & third form of verb is used.

For Example: 

• I shall not have taken the examination.

• Boys will not have won the match.

• You will not have reached the school by 7 A.M.

• The thief will not have escaped before the police reached there.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

In this sentence ‘shall or will’,is used before subject. have & third form of verb is used.

Sign of interrogation is used at the end of the sentence.

For Example: 

We

• Shall we have rented our house to them?

• Will you have met the teacher?

• Will the boys have finished their work ?

Similarly in interrogative negative sentences ‘shall or will’ is used before subject and not & have is  used before third  form of verb  in the sentence.

For example :

• Will you not have joined your friends?

• Shall we not have crossed the river ?

• Will they not have started  their journey?

In case of Interrogative sentences starting with words 'wh' , the sentence starts with the word 'wh' followed by will or shall , subject and have and third form of verb . The sentence ends with a sign of interrogation mark. Examples will clarify the point.

Examples :

Who will have reached there first of all?

When will they have left for the airport?

Whose entry will they have selected for prize?

Why will they have not gone out for a walk?

Which boy will have obtained the maximum marks?

Where will you have got this book?

How many lessons will she have learnt before we reach there?

Why will you have not accomplished the job before I return?

EXERCISE NO 1

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Future Perfect Tense.

1. He .........(reach) his office by 8'O clock.

2. Children ............(return) from school before the sun.....( set).

3. She..........(reach) home when we.......( reach)  there.

4. We ........( completed ) our work before noon.

5. I ............. (reach) home before it ........(start) to rain.

EXERCISE NO 2

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Future Perfect Tense.

1. I ............( not finish) my work before it ..........(strike) nine.

2. His examination................( not be over) by that time.

3. The meeting.........( not end) by evening.

4. The children......... ( not get up) before the sun....... (rise).

5. You........... (not go) out for a walk before he........( get) up.

EXERCISE NO 3

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Future Perfect Tense.

1. ........ the father..........(reach) home before it...... (rain)?

2. ..........we ...... (set on) journey before your mother...... (come)?

3. ......... you ........( not finish) your work before it is noon?

4. .......... the shopkeeper ..........( sell) all the oranges when we ......(reach) there?

5. ......... I ........( not learn) my lessons before my examinations.....( start) ?

EXERCISE NO 4

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Future Perfect Tense.

1. Who ...........(learn) his lesson before the teacher..... (come)?

2. Why ...... you .......(leave) before we........(arrive)?

3. How many lessons ....... you .......( learn) by the week.......( end)?

4. Where ........ you .......(reach) before the sun.......( set)?

5. How much work ........ you ........(finish) by it is 9'O clock?

EXERCISE NO 5

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Future Perfect Tense.

"Where ......... you ........( reach) tomorrow by this time? " said she to me. "I ............( reach) airport tomorrow by this time." replied I gently. She said further" I  too ............(leave) for my home by the time you .......( reach) there. My mother ...........(get up) very early in the morning. She .............( prepare) very delicious dishes for me. My brother too.............. (reach) home by that time. We both........(enjoy) ourselves very much by the time you reach home. My father too ..........(take) leave tomorrow to spend time with us. "

(ANSWERS)

EXERCISE NO 1

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Future Perfect Tense.

1. He will have reached his office by 8'O clock.

2. Children will have returned from school before the sun sets.

3. She will have reached home when we reach there.

4. We shall have completed our work before noon.

5. I shall have reached home before it starts to rain.

EXERCISE NO 2

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Future Perfect Tense.

1. I shall have not finished my work before it strikes nine.

2. His examination will not have been over by that time.

3. The meeting will not have ended by evening.

4. The children will not have got up before the sun rises.

5. You will have gone out for a walk before he gets up.

EXERCISE NO 3

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Future Perfect Tense

1. Will the father have reached home before it rains?

2. Shall we have set on journey before your mother comes?

3. Will you have not finished your work before it is noon?

4. Will the shopkeeper have sold all the oranges when we reach there?

5. Shall I have not learnt my lessons before my examinations start?

EXERCISE NO 4

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Future Perfect Tense.

1. Who will have learnt his lesson before the teacher comes?

2. Why will you have left before we arrive?

3. How many lessons will you have learnt by the week ends?

4. Where will you have reached before the sun sets?

5. How much work will you have finished by it is 9'Oclock?

EXERCISE NO 5.

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Future Perfect Tense.

"Where will you have reached tomorrow by this time? " said she to me. "I shall have reached airport tomorrow by this time." replied I gently. She said further" I  too will have left for my home by the time you reach there. My mother will have got up very early in the morning. She will have prepared very delicious dishes for me. My brother too will have reached home by that time. We both will have enjoyed ourselves very much by the time you reach home. My father too will have taken leave tomorrow to spend time with us. "

USE OF ONE SENTENCE IN DIFFERENT FORMS OF TENSES

                           Girls pluck flowers in the garden.

PRESENT TENSE

Indefinite Tense

Girls pluck flowers in the garden. 

Girls do not pluck flowers in the garden.

Do girls pluck flowers in the garden?

Continuous Tense

Girls are plucking flowers in the garden. 

Girls are not plucking flowers in the garden.

Are girls plucking  flowers in the garden?

Perfect Tense

Girls have plucked flowers in the garden. 

Girls have not plucked flowers in the garden.

Have  girls plucked flowers in the garden?

Perfect Continuous Tense

Girls have been plucking flowers in the garden since morning.

Girls have not been plucking flowers in the garden since morning.

Have girls been plucking  flowers in the garden  since morning?

PAST TENSE

Indefinite Tense

Girls plucked flowers in the garden. 

Girls did not pluck flowers in the garden.

Did girls pluck flowers in the garden?

Continuous Tense

Girls were plucking flowers in the garden. 

Girls were not plucking flowers in the garden.

Were girls plucking  flowers in the garden?

Perfect Tense

Girls had plucked flowers in the garden. 

Girls hade not plucked flowers in the garden.

Had  girls plucked flowers in the garden?

Perfect Continuous Tense

Girls had been plucking flowers in the garden since morning.

Girls had not been plucking flowers in the garden since morning.

Had girls been plucking  flowers in the garden  since morning?

FUTURE TENSE

Indefinite Tense

Girls will pluck flowers in the garden. 

Girls will not pluck flowers in the garden.

Will girls pluck flowers in the garden?

Continuous Tense

Girls will be plucking flowers in the garden. 

Girls will not be  plucking flowers in the garden.

Will girls be plucking  flowers in the garden?

Perfect Tense

Girls will have plucked flowers in the garden. 

Girls will have not plucked flowers in the garden.

Will  girls have plucked flowers in the garden?

Perfect Continuous Tense

Girls will have been plucking flowers in the garden since morning.

Girls will  have not been plucking flowers in the garden since morning.

Will girls have been plucking  flowers in the garden  since morning?

PAST PERFECT  TENSE

Past Perfect Tense is used to express an action that has already happened and is over now. It is used in sentences with words like 'Already, by the time, by the end of or at the time of etc.' For example : I had already finished my work. By the end of March we had left the city.

Past Perfect Tense is used in Complex Tenses. When two activities take place one after the other and are related to each other, for the activity occurred earlier, Past Perfect Tense is used and for the activity occurred later, Past Indefinite Tense is used. For example : The patient had died before the doctor came. It had stopped raining when I reached home.  

.AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

In this Tense work has already been completed in  previous time. It is  over now.

For the action taken place earlier, Past Perfect Tense is used i.e. with' had' third  form of  verb is  used for all the persons.

For example :

• Girls had sung a song before we reached there.

• We had finished  our  work when you arrived.

• I had already taken my food. 

• You had taken your examination by the end of the month.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

In these sentences 'not' is used between 'had' and third form of verb. Third form of verb is used for all persons.

For example :

• She had not prepared food by then.

• I had not met him before.

• You had not left the room when they arrived.

• They had not  made any mistake.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

In these sentences 'had' is used  before  subject and third form of verb is used for all the persons. 

If the sentence contains the word 'before' the principal clause is in interrogative form and it starts with 'Had' followed by subject and third form of verb. The second sentence is in Past Indefinite Tense. 

For example :  Had you finished your work before I reached there? I

If the sentence contains the word 'After', 'Did' is used in it. The sentence starts with'Did' followed by Subject and first form of verb. 

For example : 

Did you receive a call after you had submitted your application for job?

A sign of interrogation is used at the end of the sentence.

For example :

• Had you gone to the market when they reached there?

• Had the boys played a match on that day ?

• Had we taken our food before you arrived?

• Had he gone out for a walk?

Similarly in interrogative negative sentences Had is used before subject and not is  used before third  form of verb.

For example :

• Had she not helped you?

• Had you not taken your examination seriously?

• Had the house not elected him president?

In interrogative sentences starting with 'Wh', the sentence starts with the word 'Wh' followed by 'had' and subject and third form of verb. 

For example :  

1.Why had she not taken her food yesterday?

2. Why had you not paid your dues in time?

3. Why had you not closed the door before you slept?

4.  When did the mother give milk to the child after he had wept?

5. What did she gain after she had quarrelled with him?

6. Where had the thief gone before the police came?

7. Whom had he cheated before he escaped from the scene?

8. What had he purchased from the market before he returned?

9. Why had you not taken milk before you slept?

10. Where had the thief gone after the police came?

 

EXERCISE NO  1

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Perfect Tense.

1. It   ........ (stop) raining before the sun........ (rise).

2. The crowd   ....... (disperse) before the police ....... (come).

3. The train ............ (leave) before we ...... (reach) the station.

4. The servant .........(cook) food before the master ......(arrive).

5. She .......... (finish)  her work before we .........(reach) there.

EXERCISE NO  2

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Perfect Tense.

1. She ..................( not learn) her lesson before the examinations......(start).

2. The child..... (not take) food before he......... (sleep).

3. She.......... (not leave) for her home before we ......(reach) there.

4. They ............(not receive) your letter till today.

5. We ...........(not see) such a scene before.

EXERCISE NO  3

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Perfect Tense.

1. ......... they ........... (take) their meals before you .......(reach) there?

2. ........... the boys ........(finish) their game before the sun ........(set) ?

3. ........... you ..........(reach) your home before it ......(start) raining?

4. ........... the farmers ........(return) home before the night .......(fall)?

5. ..........the mother.......... (give) the child milk before he......(weep)?

EXERCISE NO 4

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Perfect Tense.

1. Why .......... you .......(not leave) the home before they ..........(arrive)?

2. Why .........they not ........(get) ready ........ before the guests .....(come)?

3. What ........ the child ........(take) before he ..........(sleep)?

4. Where ........she ........(go) when her mother ..........come?

5. Where .......... you .........(go) when the teacher .......(take) attendance?

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. In some sentences out of two actions one is dependent on the other.

If you had worked hard, you would have succeeded.

EXPLANATION :

In this sentence, action in respect  of verb 'work' was to be done in past and its effect was to be seen in present time i.e. work hard related to past whereas action of verb 'succeed' related to present time.

In this, in the main part of   sentence, third  form of  verb with had is used  In the second part with would have,third  form of verb is used.

If you had walked faster, you would have caught the train.

The first part of the sentence can also be written in this way :

Had you worked hard , you would have succeeded. 

Had you walked faster you would have caught the train.

  

Here " Had you worked hard " = " If you had worked hard".

EXERCISE NO 5

Rewrite   the following sentences  using Past Perfect Tense form of verb wherever required. 

   A monarch had gone  to the forest for hunting.He procured a new gun for hunting. He took one of his ministers with him. He started his journey for the forest early in the morning. After travelling for half an hour he saw a little hut. He saw a sage with his flowing white beard sitting in the hut. On seeing the monarch, the sage came out of his hut. He welcomed the monarch with his folded hands. He requested him to come into his hut. The monarch went nearer to the sage. He asked him about his well being but refused to go inside the hut. The monarch asked the sage to give him some water to drink. The sage brought water in an earthen pot for the monarch. The monarch happily drank the water and thanked him. He then took leave of the sage and started for his onward journey.  The sage's behaviour full of simplicity and sincerity impressed the monarch very  much. The sage turned the monarch into a noble man

(ANSWERS)

EXERCISE NO  1

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Perfect Tense.

1. It   had stopped raining before the sun rose.

2. The crowd  had dispersed before the police came.

3. The train had left before we reached the station.

4. The servant had cooked food before the master arrived.

5. She  had finished  her work before we reached there.

EXERCISE NO  2

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Perfect Tense.

1. She had not learnt her lesson before the examinations started.

2. The child had not taken food before he slept.

3. She had not left for her home before we reached there.

4. They had not received your letter till today.

5. We had not seen such a scene before.

EXERCISE NO  3

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Perfect Tense.

1. Had they taken their meals before you reached there?

2. Had the boys finished their game before the sun set ?

3. Had you reached your home before it started raining?

4. Had the farmers returned home before the night fell?

5. Had the mother given the child milk before he wept?

EXERCISE NO 4

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Perfect Tense.

1. Why had  you not left the home before they arrived?

2. Why  had they not got ready  before the guests came?

3. What had the child taken before he slept?

4. Where had she gone when her mother came?

5. Where had you gone when the teacher took attendance?

EXERCISE NO 5

Rewrite   the following sentences  using Past Perfect Tense form of verb wherever required. 

A monarch had gone  to the forest for hunting. He had procured a new gun for hunting. He had taken one of his ministers with him. He had started his journey for the forest early in the morning. After travelling for half an hour he had seen a little hut. He had seen a sage with his flowing white beard sitting in the hut. On seeing the monarch, the sage had come out of his hut. He had welcomed the monarch with his folded hands. He had requested him to come into his hut. The monarch had gone nearer to the sage. He had asked him about his well being but had refused to go inside the hut. The monarch had asked the sage to give him some water to drink. The sage had brought water in an earthen pot for the monarch. The monarch happily had drunk the water and had thanked him. He then had taken leave of the sage and had started for his onward journey.  The sage's behaviour full of simplicity and sincerity had impressed the monarch very  much. The sage had turned the monarch into a noble man.





( Note such exercises are only for understanding the tense formation only though it may not be so clear in meaning).

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PAST TENSE-PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

CHAPTER TWO

LESSON NO 1

PAST TENSE

In Past Tense work has   already been done during some earlier period.
For this we use second form of verb. 

For Example :

• He went to Delhi yesterday.

• Boys played a football match last Sunday.

• I took my food in the morning.

• You gave me a good   suggestion.

PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

In this Tense work has been completed in the previous time. It is  over now.
For this, second form of  verb is  used for all the persons.

For example :

• Girls sang a song yesterday.

• I lived in this house in 1980.

• He appeared in the examination last year.

• You showed me your office.

In Negative sentences ‘did not’ with first form of verb is used.  

Here it is pertinent to note that with ‘did not’ first ( and not second form ) is used.

For Example:

• John did not go to school yesterday.

• Boys  did  not play a match.

• I did not like his habits.

• You did not take your examination.

In interrogative sentences ‘Did’ is used before Subject. First form of verb is used.

For Example:

• Did you ring him up?

• Did she tell you anything?

• Did the boys fare well in the examination?

• Did we say anything wrong to him?

 In case of an action of habitual nature in the past, words 'used to' are used.

For example 

He used to go out for a walk in the morning.

Sometimes the word 'would' is also used to express action of the past.

For example

He would go to school by bus.


In interrogative sentences starting with 'wh' the sentence starts with the word starting with 'wh'. Thereafter follow 'did' and subject and then first form of verb is used. At the end of sentence interrogative sign is used.


For example :

 When did you open the shop?

Some Interrogative sentences starting with 'wh'.

1. Why did you not go to your office yesterday?

2. When did he come to see you?

3. Who won the medal?

4. Whom did you lend your book?

5. Which book did you purchase for me?

6. Where did you get my pen?

7. How did the boys cross the river?

8. Whom did they punish ?

9. In which hotel did you stay?

10. What did they purchase in the market?

11. Who gave what to whom?

12. How many boys attended the class?

13. How much sugar did you purchase?

14. Whose essay did the jury select for the prize? 

15. How did you manage the affairs in my absence?

TO SUM UP :

THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE 
is used :

---- to indicate an action that was completed in the past. Generally the adverbials of the past time are used.

He met me yesterday. 
The girls sang a song.
Boys played a match.


--- sometimes without adverbials of time.

Boys won the match.
He attended the meeting.

-- for an action of habitual or regular nature in the past.

My father always got up early in the morning.
She fasted on every Monday.

---in conditional clauses.
If you worked hard, you would pass.
If you took medicine regularly, you would cure.

--- in the indirect form with past.

He said that he attended the meeting.
She said that she played the match and won.

EXERCISE NO  1

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

1. The girls .............(sing) a song on the stage.
2. The ducks ...........(swim) in the pond.
3. It ................(rain) heavily yesterday.
4. A cow ..............(hit) him in the forehead.
5. The author .............(read) the whole book.

EXERCISE NO  2

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

1. She ...............(not follow) the teacher's instructions.
2. The child .........(not steal) his book.
3. The boy ............ (not listen) to his father.
4. The teacher ............(not punish) the students.
5. We ..............(not buy) any oranges yesterday.

EXERCISE NO  3

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

1. ......... the students ...........(not learn) their lessons?
2. ........... your brother .........(start) a new factory?
3. ............ the patient .............(sleep) at night ?
4. ............those visitors ........... (return) yesterday?
5. .............you...........( take ) your meals last night?

EXERCISE NO  4

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

1. Whom ........ the police ..........(find) guilty?
2. Where ........ you ...........(find) this pen?
3. How ......... she ..........( face ) the situation?
4. Why ......... the boys ........(not complain) to the principal?
5. When ....... you .........(construct) this house?

EXERCISE NO  5

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

Once there.......... (live) a farmer in a village. He ......... (keep) a faithful dog. One night when the farmer was sleeping with members of his family in a room, suddenly a big fire ...........(break) out in the house. The flames of the fire ..........(rise) very high. The dog ...........(start) barking. All the members of the family except a young child ..........(rush) out of the house. Nobody ........(know) that the small child was sleeping inside the house. But the dog .........(notice) this. It ,,,,,,,,(run) immediately inside the house through flames of fire. It .........(bring) out the child safely. In the process  the dog  .........(burn) its body. The farmer ........(feel) very happy that the dog ..........(save) his child. He ........(pat) the dog. All the people .......(praise) the dog.

EXERCISE NO  6

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

A rich man ............. (decide) to host a feast to his friends. He............ (require) fish to be served to the guests.  He........... (call) for fishermen to supply fish to him. A fishermen............. (bring) so many fresh fish for the rich man. But the gatekeeper of the rich man's house ............(do) not allow him to enter. The gate keeper ........(demand)  half of  his earnings. The  fisherman ......... (agree) to his proposal. The gatekeeper ...........(allow) him to enter. The fisherman.........(show) all the fish to  the rich man and.............( request) him to select one of his choice. The rich man.............(select) one and.........( offer) him a high price. The fisherman ......(refuse) to accept the price but ........(request) to beat one hundred lashes on his back. The rich man .......(do) not agree to oblige but the fisherman ......(insist). Finally the rich man .......(agree) and ........(start)  lashes to him very gently.When the count .........(reach) at fifty he...........(request) to stop. He ......(tell) the rich man  that he ........(have) a partner also and it was his gatekeeper. He ..... (want) half of the earnings. The rich man.........(understand) the fisherman's view now. He not only .......(punish) the gate keeper but also .......(sack) him.

EXERCISE NO  7

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

One of my friends................ (serve) in the army for more than 35 years. After his superannuation he..........(settle) in his hometown. He........get) the job of a professor in a private college there. The college authorities.............. (assign) to him to teach psychology to students. My friend ...........(practise)  strict discipline throughout his life. In the college too he........(try) to enforce the same kind of discipline. But this attitude was not ........(like) by the students and they ...........(start) making their protests to it. A day........(come) when my friend was expected to make internal evaluation of his students. For this he ...........(invent) a new method. He .......(announce) holding of a class test of one hour to which the students reluctantly........... (agree). He....... (give) them the test. After the test was over he........ (provide) them with the correct solution of the test. He ....... (tell) the students to evaluate their test sheets themselves as per the  given solution. On the basis of their marking of the test he .......(do) their internal evaluation. This one step by my friend .......(inculcate) a lot of faith and confidence of students in him.

(ANSWERS)

EXERCISE NO  1

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

1. The girls  sang a song on the stage.
2. The ducks swam in the pond.
3. It rained heavily yesterday.
4. A cow hit him in the forehead.
5. The author read the whole book.

EXERCISE NO  2

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

1. She  did not follow the teacher's instructions.
2. The child did not steal his book.
3. The boy  did not listen to his father.
4. The teacher did not punish the students.
5. We  did not buy any oranges yesterday.

EXERCISE NO  3

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

1. Did the students not learn their lessons?
2.  Did your brother start a new factory?
3. Did the patient  sleep at night ?
4.  Did those visitors return yesterday?
5.  Did you  take  your meals last night?

EXERCISE NO  4

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

1. Whom did the police find guilty?
2. Where did you find this pen?
3. How did she   face  the situation?
4. Why did the boys not complain to the principal?
5. When did you construct this house?

EXERCISE NO  5

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

Once there. lived a farmer in a village. He kept a faithful dog. One night when the farmer was sleeping with members of his family  in a room, suddenly a big fire broke out in the house. The flames of the fire rose very high. The dog started barking. All the members of the family except a young child rushed out of the house. Nobody  knew that  the small child was sleeping inside the house. But the dog noticed this. It ran immediately inside the house through flames of fire. It brought out the child safely. In the process  the dog  burnt its body. The farmer  felt very happy that the child was safe. He patted the dog. All the people praised the dog.

EXERCISE NO  6

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

A rich man decided to host a feast to his friends. He required fish in the dinner to be served  to the guests.  He called for fishermen to supply fish to him. A fishermen brought so many fresh fish for the rich man. But the gatekeeper of the rich man's house did not allow him to enter. The gate keeper demanded  half of  his earnings. The  fisherman agreed to his proposal. The gatekeeper allowed him to enter. The fisherman showed all the fish to  the rich man and requested him to select one of his choice. The rich man selected one and offered him a high price. The fisherman refused to accept the price but requested to beat one hundred lashes on his back. The rich man did not agree to oblige but the fisherman insisted. Finally the rich man agreed and started  lashes to him very gently.When the count reached at fifty he requested to stop. He told the rich man  that he had a partner also and it was his gatekeeper. He  wanted half of his earnings. The rich man understood the fisherman's view now. He not only punished the gate keeper but also sacked him.

EXERCISE NO  7

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Past Indefinite  Tense.

One of my friends served in the army for more than 35 years. After his superannuation he settled in his hometown. He got the job of a profession in a private college there. The college authorities assigned to him to teach psychology to students. My friend practised  strict discipline throughout his life. In the college too he tried to enforce the same kind of discipline. But this attitude was not liked by the students and they started making their protests to it. A day.came when my friend was expected to make internal evaluation of his students. For this he invented a new method. He announced holding of a class test of one hour to which the students reluctantly agreed. He gave them the test. After the test was over he provided them with the correct solution of the test. He told the students to evaluate their test sheets themselves as per the given solution. On the basis of their marking of the test he did their internal evaluation. This one step by my friend inculcated a lot of faith and confidence of students in him.

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Sentence Formation in English - Subject, Predicate - Phrase & Clause Tenses

I owe everything of mine, if there is any, to the Almighty, my teachers and my parents. My humble respects to them. 

 Sentence -- Phrase & Clause

Human beings have a tendency to share their feelings, emotions and experiences with others. One needs a suitable medium to convey all this to others. Language is the best suited medium used for this. But the language differs from place to place & person to person. Language is a broader term.

However a sentence is used to convey the message.

Language is  the most effective system for communication created by human beings. It records and describes every activity performed by them, establishing  very succinctly the truth of the adage"mind over matter". When we use language we are constantly transforming matter into words through the help  of sounds. 

If gone by dictionary meaning, a sentence is a combination of words arranged in a systematic and meaningful way.

A group of jumbled words without any meaning does not form a sentence.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE

Arrange the following jumbled words to form a meaningful sentence.

1. Time in nine stitch a saves.
2. Heavy  a water of there in the river was flow.
3. Raining clouds and started it thundered.
4. Beauty of thing for a  joy is a.
5. Players winning among the principal prizes distributed the.


ANSWERS:

1. A stitch in time saves nine.
2. There was a heavy flow of water in the river.
3. Clouds thundered and it started raining.
4. A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.
5. The principal distributed prizes among the winning students.

A sentence basically comprises of three main parts namely Subject, Verb & Object. The latter two collectively form predicate.

Instead of going after nomenclature one should try to understand the basics or facts. It is therefore very essential to learn the formation of a sentence. 

For formation of a sentence we make use of TENSES.

Tenses denote time when a particular work is being accomplished. 

The term 'Tense' refers to the form of a verb which in turn shows the time at which an action happened. So the tense shows :

1. time of the action 

2. state expressed by verb. 

In other words tense tells about the verb used in the sentence.

For example :

1. She sings a song. 

2. She sang a song.

 3. She will sing a song. 

The verbs sings, sang and will sing in the above sentences 1,2,and 3 refer to Present, Past and Future time respectively. 

Time has three divisions first now going on, second already happened and third going to happen in the time to come. 

Tense and Time are not same thing. Tense shows state of a verb in a sentence whereas time refers to division of time of the action shown by the verb i.e. present,past and future.

In many cases the state of time and tense may not be the same.

For example : 

1. He is about to go.

Tense of the verb is present but action will take place in future. 

2. His marriage falls on next Monday. 

Tense of verb is present but action will be in time to come.

3. He does not pay attention to his work. 

Tense is present but time includes past as well as present.  

So time and tense are expressed in different terms.

Tense is used to understand ----

the correspondence  between the form of verb and the concept of time (present,past or future).

Time and tense are not the same thing. Time is a universal concept whereas tense is related only to the verb.

Tenses are of following types.

Before learning about  Tenses it is necessary to know that

In a sentence there is a person or a thing named and something about that is described.  Thus a sentence comprises of two  parts i.e name of a person or a thing and description of that.

The word  about  whom or which something is said in the sentence is called Subject  and the remaining part of the sentence which describes all  about the subject is called Predicate.

For Example

Sentence                                        Subject                       Predicate

Girls are singing a song.   

             Girls   .....Subject               are singing a song....Predicate

Bill did not learn his lesson.   

        Bill ..... Subject                      did not learn his lesson.
                    .....Predicate

They will not help us. 
They......Subject               will not help us....... Predicate

She painted a beautiful picture.   

  She  ....... Subject        painted a beautiful picture........ Predicate.



Generally Subject is used before Predicate in a sentence but occasionally it comes after Predicate.



For example : 

 Down went the house like a pack of cards.


In fact this sentence is :

The house went down like a pack of cards.

But to put more emphasis formation of the sentence has been changed.

 In this sentence, 'the house' is Subject and 'went down like a pack of cards' is Predicate.

In Imperative sentences,  Subject is understood and is omitted in the sentence.  In sentences like

1. Go away at once.
2. Thank you.

Subject has not been used and it is understood or implied. In sentence (1)  Subject is 'you' and in (2) it is 'I'.

Exercise No.1

Identify  Subject and Predicate in the following sentences.

1. Birds are chirping in the trees.

2. Cattle are grazing in the fields.

3. My mother cooks food for me.

4. She carried a beautiful child in her lap.

5. They invited us to dinner last night.

Exercise No.2

Identify  Subject and Predicate in the following sentences.

1. His father is running a factory.

2. She resembles her mother.

3. He did not look after his parents.

4. Elephants eat pieces of sugarcane.

5. Boys are playing cricket.

Exercise No. 3

Match Subject listed in Table A with appropriate Predicate in Table B

Table A                                                           

1. Cattle                                                       

2. Birds                                                       

3. Travellers                                               

4. They                                                       

5. She                                                         

Table B       

A. rested for sometime after a long journey

B. were grazing grass in fields.

C.  was painting a beautiful picture.

D. were chirping in trees.

E. did not recognise her.

Exercise No. 4

Identify and give  Subject implied in the following Imperative sentences :

1. Distribute sweets among children.

2. Make haste to reach in time.

3. Follow the instructions strictly.

4. Good bye, friends.

5. Wish you, all success in life.

Exercise No. 5

Supply a suitable Subject to each Predicate in the following sentences :

1. ................. moves around the sun.

2. ............. was begging alms.

3. ................say he is a cheat.

4. ............... was ploughing the field.

5. ...............presided over the meeting.

Exercise No. 6

Supply a suitable Predicate to each subject in the following sentences :

1.  The boys ..........

2. The sun ..............

3. The Principal ..........

4. The judge ............

5. Everybody .............

SENTENCE , PHRASE  &  CLAUSE

A group of words that makes a complete sense or meaning is called a Sentence. It comprises of two parts, Subject and Predicate.

Sugar tastes sweet.     

Sugar -- Subject            

tastes sweet. -- Predicate   

The rose is a lovely flower.

 The rose -- Subject         
 is a lovely flower....... Predicate


A group of words that makes sense but not a complete sense

 is called a Phrase.

For example -

The sun rises in the east.

 In this sentence words 'in the east' give some meaning but do not form a complete meaning or sense. So 'in the east' is a phrase.

People from far and wide came to see the fair.

In this sentence words 'from far and wide' give some meaning but do not form a complete meaning or sense.

 So 'from far and wide' is a phrase.

A group of words which forms a part of larger sentence

and contains a Subject and Predicate and forms a meaning 

or sense is called a clause.

For example : 

She wears ornaments which are made of gold.

In this sentence 'She' is subject and 'wears ornaments' is Predicate.
But this sentence containsa second group of words 'which are made of gold.' 

This part contains

a Subject 'which'  and 

a Predicate 'are made of gold.' 

Such a group of words in a larger sentence which forms a meaning in itself and has its own Subject and Predicate   but cannot  be used as independent sentence is called a  Clause.

Exercise No.7

Identify  Phrase  in the following sentences.

1. Birds fly in the sky.    

2. She was sitting on a chair.

3. He is a very good singer.

4. He played a funny part.

5. She wears a ring of gold.

Exercise No.8

Identify  Clause  in the following sentences.

1. We met a boy who was hungry.

2. People who are fair in their dealings are always trusted.

3. She believes that he is not a wise man.

4. It started raining when I reached there.

5. Those who work hard are sure to rise.

(ANSWERS)

Exercise No.1

SUBJECT                          PREDICATE

1. Birds                                      are chirping in the trees.

2. Cattle                                     are grazing in the fields.

3. My mother                             cooks food for me.

4. She                                         carried a beautiful child in her lap.

5. They                                       invited us to dinner last night.

Exercise No.2

SUBJECT                            PREDICATE

1. His father                                  is running a factory.

2. She                                            resembles her mother.

3. He                                             did not look after his parents.

4. Elephants                                  eat pieces of sugarcane.

5. Boys                                          are playing cricket.

Exercise No. 3

Table A                      Table B

1. Cattle                           B. were grazing grass in fields.                           

2. Birds                            D. were chirping in trees.                           

3. Travellers                    A. rested for sometime after a long journey.     
                        
4. They                           E. did not recognise her.     
                     
5. She                             C. was painting a beautiful picture.
                                       

Exercise No. 4

1. Distribute sweets among children.         (You)

2. Make haste to reach in time.                  (You)    

3. Follow the instructions strictly.              (You)

4. Good bye, friends.                                  (I )...bid

5. Wish you, all success in life.                  (I)

Exercise No. 5

1. ................. moves around the sun.        (The earth)

2. ............. was begging alms.                   (The beggar)

3. ................say he is a cheat.                    (People)

4. ............... was ploughing the field.         (The farmer)

5. ...............presided over the meeting.      (The chairman)

Exercise No. 6

1.  The boys ..........       were playing cricket.

2. The sun ..............        is stationary.

3. The Principal ..........  fined the student.

4. The judge ............     announced his judgement.

5. Everybody .............    knows him.

Exercise No.7

  Phrase  in the following sentences (Underlined and in italics).

1. Birds fly    in the sky.    

2. She was     sitting on a chair.

3. He is      a very good singer.

4. He played         a funny part.

5. She   wears      a ring of gold.

Exercise No.8

Clause  in the following sentences (Underlined and in italics)

1. We met a boy who was hungry.

2. People who are fair in their dealings are always trusted.

3. She believes that he is not a wise man.

4. It started raining when I reached there.

5. Those who work hard are sure to rise.

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