PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

Chapter 1

LESSON  2. 

Human beings use a suitable medium to share their feelings, emotions and experiences with others. Language is the best suited medium used for this. Language differs from place to place & person to person. Language is a broader term. However a sentence is used to convey the message.

If gone by dictionary meaning, a sentence is a combination of words arranged in a systematic and meaningful way.

A group of jumbled words without any meaning does not form a sentence.

A sentence basically comprises of three main parts namely Subject, Verb & Object. The latter two collectively form predicate.

Instead of going after nomenclature one should try to understand the basics or facts. It is therefore very essential to learn the formation of a sentence. 

For formation of a sentence we make use of TENSES. Tenses denote time when a particular work or action is accomplished. Tenses are of three types.

Tenses are of three types.      Present Tense   Past Tense  Future Tense                         

       

1. Present Indefinite Tense

2.Present Continuous  Tense

3. Present Perfect Tense

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense       

1. Past Indefinite Tense

2. Past Continuous Tense

3. Past Perfect Tense

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tens

1. Future Indefinite Tense

2. Future Continuous Tense

3. Future Perfect Tense

4.Future Perfect

   Continuous Tense

PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

It is used to show that a work is actually being  done. In this formation of sentence time limit of action being done is not limited in specific terms. One is not sure about when action is being done and for how long action will be undertaken.

This Tense is used to express normal actions, universal truth and habitual actions.

For example : He writes a letter.

This sentence shows that the subject undertakes a work in the present time i.e. He the subject  writes a letter in the present time. But there is no definite time limit for how long action is done. So this is called Present and not definite i.e. Indefinite Tense.

To Sum Up : 

PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE is used to :

1. To express Universal Truths,Facts,Customs.

The earth moves around the sun.
The sun rises in the east.

2. To express Habitual Actions.

He gets up early in the morning daily.
Everyday she goes to her office on foot.

3. To Express Permanent State.

This road leads to the railway station.
Her house comprises of four rooms.

4. In subordinate clauses beginning with 'if' and 'when'.

If you request her she will help you.
When you come back bring a watch for me.

5. In Exclamatory sentences.

Here goes the light! 
Look out! 

6. In imperative sentences.

Let us go out for a walk.
Please fetch me a glass of water.

7. To indicate planned future actions.

His marriage comes off  next Monday.
Our school opens after vacation on 10th next month.

8. To introduce quotations.

My mother says that hard work is the key to success.
The gentleman says ,"Make hay while sun shines."

9. In running commentaries in sports events.

John hits the ball straight into the goal.
Michael passes the ball to Henry.

In this tense we use first form of verb. In case of affirmative sentences with third person singular 's' or 'es' is used with verb. In case of first person singular and plural, second person singular and plural and third person plural forms only first form of verb is used. In case of negative sentences 'does not' is used with third person singular and in the remaining cases 'do not' is used. In case of interrogative sentences 'do' or does' is used in the beginning of the sentence and sign of interrogation is used at the end of the sentence.

For example : 

 I sing a song.  

 I do not sing a song.           Do I sing a song?

We sing a song.     

 We do not sing a song.        Do we sing a song ?

You sing a song.     

 You do not sing a song.      Do you sing a song ?

He sings a song.       

He does not sing a song.    Does he sing a song?

She sings a song.     

 She does not sing a song.   Does she sing a song ?

They sing a song.   

They do not sing a song.     Do they sing a song?

  

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

For First Person singular & plural, Second person singular & plural and third person plural subjects – first form of verb is used.
For example:

• I like sweets. 

• We drink fresh juice.  

• You go to the market. 

• Boys make a noise.
• 
  

In all the sentences mentioned above first form of verb is used.

For third person singular subject – s or es is used with first form of verb. 

For example with He Or She or a noun i.e. any name (singular), s or es is used with first form of verb according to type and nature of verb.

Just look at the following sentences:

• John plays football.  

• She sings a song. 

• Mother loves her child. 

• He goes to the school daily.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

In negative sentences for First Person singular & plural, Second person singular & plural and third person plural subjects – Do not with first form of verb is used.

For example:

• I do not like sweets. 

• We do not drink milk. 

• You do not go to the office. 

• Boys do not make a noise.

For third person singular subject – s or es with verb Ist form of verb is deleted and does not is used with first form of verb.

For example with He or She or a noun i.e. any name (singular), does not is used with first form of verb according to type and nature of verb.

For example :

• Mary does not play hockey. 

• He does not recite a poem. 

• She does not dance. 

• This child does not cry.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

In Interrogative sentences for First Person singular & plural, Second person singular & plural and third person plural subjects – Do is used before subject and first form of verb is used. Interrogative sign is used at   the end of the sentence. 

For third person singular Does is used before subject and not is used before verb first form.

For example:

• Do you like sweets? 

• Do we drink milk? 

• Does he go to the office? 

• Do boys make a noise?

In the interrogative negative sentences not is used before verb.

For example:

• Do you not read a book? 

• Do we not help you? 

• Does she not sing a song? 

• Do children not play?

In case of Interrogative sentences with words staring with 'wh' the sentence starts with the word of 'wh' followed by 'do or does'. The remaining sentence is written as other interrogative sentence is written.

For example:

Who does not know him?

Where do you live?

Why does she not like him?

How do you feel now?

Which book do you read?

Which book does she read?

Whose shirt does he wear?

When does he go to his office?

When do you go to bed?

Whom does the teacher teach?

Whom do you teach?

In case of some Interrogative sentences 'do or does' is not used. In case of sentences with 'Who' and 'What' 'do' or 'does' is not used.


For example: 

Who lives in this house?

Who is he ?

What is he?

Where is he?

What is this?

What happens to her?

Who says so?

Who teaches you English?

What brings you here?

What  makes you laugh?

Who cares about this?





EXERCISE NO   1.



PART A

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Indefinite Tense.

1. The earth ................ (revolve) round the sun.

2. Borrowed clothes ................( not fit) well.

3. I ...............(remember) happy days spent with my friends.

4. We all ............. (love) our country.

5. The stars .............. (shine) in the sky at night. 

EXERCISE NO   1.

PART B

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of

1. ...........you love your country? ( Do/Does)

2. ............. he not eat an apple?  (Do /Does)

3. ............ they take exercise in the morning ?( Do/Does)

4. ............. we not respect them?( Do/Does)

5. ............ the sun not set in the west ? ( Do/Does)

EXERCISE NO. 2.

Change the following sentences into Past Tense.

Knowledge , Wealth and Trust become good friends.They always live together.They help each other very much. There is a strong bond of friendship among the three friends. All the three are known for their friendship. All the three feel proud of their friendship. But on a fateful day all the three friends decide to leave each other. All the three feel very bad. They ask each other place of stay after their departure. Knowledge tells that his place of stay is temple or school. Wealth tells that his place of stay is a rich man's house. But Trust feels very sad and keeps silent. Both ask him the reason of his sadness and silence. Trust starts weeping. He shows his inability to explain his position. He is in a fix. He tells them that if he leaves them once he is not in a position to return. He is sad because he is leaving them for ever. All the three depart. Trust leaves them for ever and never returns to them again.

EXERCISE NO   3

Convert following sentences into Negative sentences.

1. The young man always speaks the truth.

2. Children sleep early at night.

3. His mother tells him  stories.

4.  She goes out for a walk daily in the morning.

5. Bad habits grow soon.

EXERCISE NO   4

Convert following sentences into Interrogative sentences.

1. Those girls sing beautiful songs.

2. She paints a beautiful painting.

3. The gardener waters the plants daily.

4. It rains hard in the month of July.

5. Children do not finish their work.

EXERCISE NO   5

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences  with words Do or Does as applicable 

1. What ........... (do/does) your brother eat now?

2. Where ............ she live now a days?

3. Why ........ you not listen to him carefully?

4. When ........... she get up in the morning?

5. When .......... he go to his office? 

EXERCISE NO  6

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Indefinite Tense

I .............(know) a hermit who .............(live) in a small hut in a garden. He ...........(love) children very much. He ............. (allow) them to play in his garden. Children also .............(love) him very much. The hermit ............ (play)  with them in the garden. He also ...............(distribute) sweets among them. Children ............... (like) sweets very much. The hermit ...........(spend) his time with children happily. Children  also.............( enjoy) themselves  in the  company of the hermit.

EXERCISE NO  7

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Indefinite Tense

People...............(believe) that  God ...............(reside) in the hearts of noble persons. He always .............(bless) them with His choicest gifts who ...........(has) faith in Him and ..............(do) the right. God ............. (protect) them from evils. Those who ............(keep) their firm faith in God always ............ (succeed) and................(progress) in their life. In material world of today people ........ (hanker) after money and worldly affairs and.............. (do) not ...........(remember ) Him. This is the reason that people .............(suffer) in their life.

EXERCISE NO  8

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Indefinite Tense

Exercise..............(keep) a man fit and healthy. If a man .......... (take) exercise daily he ............ (possess) a  sound body and a sound mind. People .......... (take) different types of  exercises to ...........(keep) themselves fit and healthy. Some people .............(take) hard and tough exercises but elderly people generally ..........(use) light methods of exercise to ........(keep) themselves fit. Mostly they ..........(go) out for a stroll in the morning and evening. This ........(keep) their body active for the whole day. They also ............(prefer) to.......... (take) light food. Light but nutritious food ........... (give) strength to the body. 

EXERCISE NO  9

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Continuous Tense.

He........... (like) to play hockey. He ........... (want) to become a National champion of the game. He .............. (go) to the play ground and ...............(do) practice of the game daily. His coach .............(impart) training of playing hockey to him. He ..................(take) keen interest in playing hockey. Besides this he.............. (study) ardently. He ................(want) to become proficient in all fields.

EXERCISE NO  10.

Change the following sentences into  Present Indefinite Tense.

A fox and a doe lived in a forest. They both became good friends. One day the clever fox went to the house of her friend, the doe. The doe felt very happy to see her friend, the fox. Both of them sat together and started talking with each other. They exchanged their pleasantries and thereafter the fox started flattering her friend, the doe. She said to the doe that she knew that she was a very good cook and she cooked very delicious food. She proposed to her that she should host a party for the animals of the forest. She should serve them with delicious dishes. For a while the doe was taken in by the clever proposal of the fox. But soon she saw through her trick. She realized that during party the fox wanted to kill her and make her food. She immediately told the fox that she was pleased to accept her proposal as she too wanted to host the party. But there was a little problem that she did not possess  cutlery with her sufficient to serve so many people. She suggested to the fox that she herself should host the party at her house. On hearing doe's reply, the fox came to know that her plan had not worked there. She returned her home empty handed.

(ANSWERS)

EXERCISE NO   1

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Indefinite Tense.

PART A

1. The earth revolves round the sun.

2. Borrowed clothes  do not fit well.

3. I remember happy days spent with my friends.

4. We all love our country.

5. The stars shine in the sky at night. 

EXERCISE NO   1.

PART B

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Indefinite Tense.

1.  Do you love your country? 

2.  Does he not eat an apple?  

3. Do they take exercise in the morning ?

4. Do we not respect them?

5. Does the sun not set in the west ? 

EXERCISE NO. 2.

Change the following sentences into Past Tense.

Knowledge , Wealth and Trust became good friends.They always lived together.They helped each other very much. There was a strong bond of friendship among the three friends. All the three were known for their friendship. All the three felt proud of their friendship. But on a fateful day all the three friends decided to leave each other. All the three felt very bad. They asked each other place of stay after their departure. Knowledge told that his place of stay was temple or school. Wealth told that his place of stay was a rich man's house. But Trust felt very sad and kept silent. Both asked him the reason of his sadness and silence. Trust started weeping. He showed his inability to explain his position. He was in a fix. He told them that if he left them once he was not in a position to return. He was sad because he was leaving them for ever. All the three departed. Trust left them for ever and never returned  to them again.

EXERCISE NO   3.

Convert following sentences into Negative sentences.

1. The young man never speaks the truth.

2. Children do not sleep early at night.

3. His mother does not tell him  stories.

4.  She does not go out for a walk daily in the morning.

5. Bad habits do not grow soon.

EXERCISE NO   4

Convert following sentences into Interrogative sentences.

1. Do those girls sing beautiful songs?

2. Does she paint a beautiful painting?

3. Does the gardener water the plants daily?

4. It rains hard in the month of July.

5. Do children do  finish their work?

EXERCISE NO   5.

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences  with words Do or Does as applicable.

1. What does your brother eat now?

2. Where does she live now a days?

3. Why do you not listen to him carefully?

4. When does she get up in the morning?

5. When does he go to his office? 

EXERCISE NO  6.

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Indefinite Tense.

I know a hermit who lives in a small hut in a garden. He loves children very much. He allows them to play in his garden. Children also love him very much. The hermit plays  with them in the garden. He also distributes sweets among them. Children like sweets very much. The hermit spends his time with children happily. Children  also enjoy themselves  in the  company of the hermit.

EXERCISE NO  7

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Indefinite Tense

People believe that  God resides in the hearts of noble persons. He always blesses them with His choicest gifts who have faith in Him and do the right. God protects them from evils. Those who keep their firm faith in God always succeed and progress in their life. In material world of today people hanker after money and worldly affairs and do not remember  Him. This is the reason that people suffer in their life.

EXERCISE NO  8

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Indefinite Tense

Exercise keeps a man fit and healthy. If a man takes exercise daily he possesses a  sound body and a sound mind. People take different types of  exercises to keep themselves fit and healthy. Some people take hard and tough exercises but elderly people generally use light methods of exercise to keep themselves fit. Mostly they go out for a stroll in the morning and evening. This keeps their body active for the whole day. They also prefer to take light food. Light but nutritious food gives strength to the body. 

EXERCISE NO  9

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of given verb in Present Continuous Tense.

He likes to play hockey. He wants to become a National champion of the game. He goes to the play ground and does practice of the game daily. His coach imparts training of playing hockey to him. He takes keen interest in playing hockey. Besides this he studies ardently. He wants to become proficient in all fields

        EXERCISE NO  10.

Change the following sentences into  Present Indefinite Tense.

A fox and a doe live  in a forest. They both become good friends. One day the clever fox goes to the house of her friend, the doe. The doe feels very happy to see her friend fox. Both of them sit together and start talking with each other. They exchange their pleasantries and thereafter the fox starts flattering her friend, the doe. She says to the doe that she knows that she is a very good cook and she cooks very delicious food. She proposes to her that she should host a party for the animals of the forest. She should serve them with delicious dishes. For a while the doe is taken in by the clever proposal of the fox. But soon she sees through her trick. She realizes that during the  party the fox wants to kill her and make her food. She immediately tells the fox that
she is pleased to accept her proposal as she too wants to host the party. But there is a little problem that she does not possess cutlery with her sufficient to serve so many people. She suggests to the fox that she herself should host the party at her house. On hearing doe's reply, the fox comes to know that her plan has not worked there. She returns her home empty handed.

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Sentence Formation in English - Subject, Predicate - Phrase & Clause Tenses

I owe everything of mine, if there is any, to the Almighty, my teachers and my parents. My humble respects to them. 

 Sentence -- Phrase & Clause

Human beings have a tendency to share their feelings, emotions and experiences with others. One needs a suitable medium to convey all this to others. Language is the best suited medium used for this. But the language differs from place to place & person to person. Language is a broader term.

However a sentence is used to convey the message.

Language is  the most effective system for communication created by human beings. It records and describes every activity performed by them, establishing  very succinctly the truth of the adage"mind over matter". When we use language we are constantly transforming matter into words through the help  of sounds. 

If gone by dictionary meaning, a sentence is a combination of words arranged in a systematic and meaningful way.

A group of jumbled words without any meaning does not form a sentence.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE

Arrange the following jumbled words to form a meaningful sentence.

1. Time in nine stitch a saves.
2. Heavy  a water of there in the river was flow.
3. Raining clouds and started it thundered.
4. Beauty of thing for a  joy is a.
5. Players winning among the principal prizes distributed the.


ANSWERS:

1. A stitch in time saves nine.
2. There was a heavy flow of water in the river.
3. Clouds thundered and it started raining.
4. A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.
5. The principal distributed prizes among the winning students.

A sentence basically comprises of three main parts namely Subject, Verb & Object. The latter two collectively form predicate.

Instead of going after nomenclature one should try to understand the basics or facts. It is therefore very essential to learn the formation of a sentence. 

For formation of a sentence we make use of TENSES.

Tenses denote time when a particular work is being accomplished. 

The term 'Tense' refers to the form of a verb which in turn shows the time at which an action happened. So the tense shows :

1. time of the action 

2. state expressed by verb. 

In other words tense tells about the verb used in the sentence.

For example :

1. She sings a song. 

2. She sang a song.

 3. She will sing a song. 

The verbs sings, sang and will sing in the above sentences 1,2,and 3 refer to Present, Past and Future time respectively. 

Time has three divisions first now going on, second already happened and third going to happen in the time to come. 

Tense and Time are not same thing. Tense shows state of a verb in a sentence whereas time refers to division of time of the action shown by the verb i.e. present,past and future.

In many cases the state of time and tense may not be the same.

For example : 

1. He is about to go.

Tense of the verb is present but action will take place in future. 

2. His marriage falls on next Monday. 

Tense of verb is present but action will be in time to come.

3. He does not pay attention to his work. 

Tense is present but time includes past as well as present.  

So time and tense are expressed in different terms.

Tense is used to understand ----

the correspondence  between the form of verb and the concept of time (present,past or future).

Time and tense are not the same thing. Time is a universal concept whereas tense is related only to the verb.

Tenses are of following types.

Before learning about  Tenses it is necessary to know that

In a sentence there is a person or a thing named and something about that is described.  Thus a sentence comprises of two  parts i.e name of a person or a thing and description of that.

The word  about  whom or which something is said in the sentence is called Subject  and the remaining part of the sentence which describes all  about the subject is called Predicate.

For Example

Sentence                                        Subject                       Predicate

Girls are singing a song.   

             Girls   .....Subject               are singing a song....Predicate

Bill did not learn his lesson.   

        Bill ..... Subject                      did not learn his lesson.
                    .....Predicate

They will not help us. 
They......Subject               will not help us....... Predicate

She painted a beautiful picture.   

  She  ....... Subject        painted a beautiful picture........ Predicate.



Generally Subject is used before Predicate in a sentence but occasionally it comes after Predicate.



For example : 

 Down went the house like a pack of cards.


In fact this sentence is :

The house went down like a pack of cards.

But to put more emphasis formation of the sentence has been changed.

 In this sentence, 'the house' is Subject and 'went down like a pack of cards' is Predicate.

In Imperative sentences,  Subject is understood and is omitted in the sentence.  In sentences like

1. Go away at once.
2. Thank you.

Subject has not been used and it is understood or implied. In sentence (1)  Subject is 'you' and in (2) it is 'I'.

Exercise No.1

Identify  Subject and Predicate in the following sentences.

1. Birds are chirping in the trees.

2. Cattle are grazing in the fields.

3. My mother cooks food for me.

4. She carried a beautiful child in her lap.

5. They invited us to dinner last night.

Exercise No.2

Identify  Subject and Predicate in the following sentences.

1. His father is running a factory.

2. She resembles her mother.

3. He did not look after his parents.

4. Elephants eat pieces of sugarcane.

5. Boys are playing cricket.

Exercise No. 3

Match Subject listed in Table A with appropriate Predicate in Table B

Table A                                                           

1. Cattle                                                       

2. Birds                                                       

3. Travellers                                               

4. They                                                       

5. She                                                         

Table B       

A. rested for sometime after a long journey

B. were grazing grass in fields.

C.  was painting a beautiful picture.

D. were chirping in trees.

E. did not recognise her.

Exercise No. 4

Identify and give  Subject implied in the following Imperative sentences :

1. Distribute sweets among children.

2. Make haste to reach in time.

3. Follow the instructions strictly.

4. Good bye, friends.

5. Wish you, all success in life.

Exercise No. 5

Supply a suitable Subject to each Predicate in the following sentences :

1. ................. moves around the sun.

2. ............. was begging alms.

3. ................say he is a cheat.

4. ............... was ploughing the field.

5. ...............presided over the meeting.

Exercise No. 6

Supply a suitable Predicate to each subject in the following sentences :

1.  The boys ..........

2. The sun ..............

3. The Principal ..........

4. The judge ............

5. Everybody .............

SENTENCE , PHRASE  &  CLAUSE

A group of words that makes a complete sense or meaning is called a Sentence. It comprises of two parts, Subject and Predicate.

Sugar tastes sweet.     

Sugar -- Subject            

tastes sweet. -- Predicate   

The rose is a lovely flower.

 The rose -- Subject         
 is a lovely flower....... Predicate


A group of words that makes sense but not a complete sense

 is called a Phrase.

For example -

The sun rises in the east.

 In this sentence words 'in the east' give some meaning but do not form a complete meaning or sense. So 'in the east' is a phrase.

People from far and wide came to see the fair.

In this sentence words 'from far and wide' give some meaning but do not form a complete meaning or sense.

 So 'from far and wide' is a phrase.

A group of words which forms a part of larger sentence

and contains a Subject and Predicate and forms a meaning 

or sense is called a clause.

For example : 

She wears ornaments which are made of gold.

In this sentence 'She' is subject and 'wears ornaments' is Predicate.
But this sentence containsa second group of words 'which are made of gold.' 

This part contains

a Subject 'which'  and 

a Predicate 'are made of gold.' 

Such a group of words in a larger sentence which forms a meaning in itself and has its own Subject and Predicate   but cannot  be used as independent sentence is called a  Clause.

Exercise No.7

Identify  Phrase  in the following sentences.

1. Birds fly in the sky.    

2. She was sitting on a chair.

3. He is a very good singer.

4. He played a funny part.

5. She wears a ring of gold.

Exercise No.8

Identify  Clause  in the following sentences.

1. We met a boy who was hungry.

2. People who are fair in their dealings are always trusted.

3. She believes that he is not a wise man.

4. It started raining when I reached there.

5. Those who work hard are sure to rise.

(ANSWERS)

Exercise No.1

SUBJECT                          PREDICATE

1. Birds                                      are chirping in the trees.

2. Cattle                                     are grazing in the fields.

3. My mother                             cooks food for me.

4. She                                         carried a beautiful child in her lap.

5. They                                       invited us to dinner last night.

Exercise No.2

SUBJECT                            PREDICATE

1. His father                                  is running a factory.

2. She                                            resembles her mother.

3. He                                             did not look after his parents.

4. Elephants                                  eat pieces of sugarcane.

5. Boys                                          are playing cricket.

Exercise No. 3

Table A                      Table B

1. Cattle                           B. were grazing grass in fields.                           

2. Birds                            D. were chirping in trees.                           

3. Travellers                    A. rested for sometime after a long journey.     
                        
4. They                           E. did not recognise her.     
                     
5. She                             C. was painting a beautiful picture.
                                       

Exercise No. 4

1. Distribute sweets among children.         (You)

2. Make haste to reach in time.                  (You)    

3. Follow the instructions strictly.              (You)

4. Good bye, friends.                                  (I )...bid

5. Wish you, all success in life.                  (I)

Exercise No. 5

1. ................. moves around the sun.        (The earth)

2. ............. was begging alms.                   (The beggar)

3. ................say he is a cheat.                    (People)

4. ............... was ploughing the field.         (The farmer)

5. ...............presided over the meeting.      (The chairman)

Exercise No. 6

1.  The boys ..........       were playing cricket.

2. The sun ..............        is stationary.

3. The Principal ..........  fined the student.

4. The judge ............     announced his judgement.

5. Everybody .............    knows him.

Exercise No.7

  Phrase  in the following sentences (Underlined and in italics).

1. Birds fly    in the sky.    

2. She was     sitting on a chair.

3. He is      a very good singer.

4. He played         a funny part.

5. She   wears      a ring of gold.

Exercise No.8

Clause  in the following sentences (Underlined and in italics)

1. We met a boy who was hungry.

2. People who are fair in their dealings are always trusted.

3. She believes that he is not a wise man.

4. It started raining when I reached there.

5. Those who work hard are sure to rise.

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