Wednesday 27 March 2024

IDIOMS AND IDIOMATIC PHRASES -- MEANING AND USE IN SENTENCES - EXERCISES ON COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION PATTERNS WITH SOLUTIONS

 In a language,idioms or Idiomatic phrases add to the beauty of the text of expression, writing or conversation. They make it precise and  pithy as well as more emphatic, and powerful. Idioms comprise a few words but their correct and appropriate use conveys a deep meaning. Their meaning is always metaphorical rather than literal.   

In examinations particularly in competitive examinations, questions relating to idioms are asked in different forms besides the usual method of their meanings and use in sentences. Here follow some examples of such questions asked in examinations of different levels.

Select the most appropriate idiom out of the given options to fill in the blank in the following sentences.

1. The factory, he set up with his partners, in the city last year, has become  ……………for him as he is unable to manage its affairs properly and it is incuring losses for him.

a) a bone of contention b) an apple of one’s eye c) albatross around one’s neck.   d) a wet blanket.


2. He started  his business as a green horn as he had no experience in this field yet his company is ...................year-after-year and he is earning hefty profits.

a) cut corners b) break the ground  c) have the floor d) on cloud nine

3. You are working in the company of ……………persons who do not possess courage enough to carry out such  strenuous tasks so it is better to get rid of these fellows and take the reins in your own hand.

a) high-headed b) scapegoat c) pointy heads d) yellow-bellied


4. A heavy increase in the salary of employees of different categories is in the offing as the proposal of enhancement of their emoluments  is………….. for its approval,  

a) by the way b)on the way c) under way d) give way


5. He was well prepared for the event but at the eleventh hour he suddenly got ………….and was unable to face the situation  and he had to eat  humble pie before his rivals.

a) cold feet  b) hot-blooded c)on the sly d) tight rein 

 6. On seeing a group of unruly youths with daggers in their hands advancing towards her, she ………but she hit upon a plan and gave a slip to those boys  and ran away from the scene.

 a) feel heart in one’s mouth b) take up the cudgels c) tread on one’s toes d) get into a stew







(ANSWERS)

1.c 2.b 3.d 4.c 5.a 6.a


(continued)








Thursday 22 February 2024

PRONOUN CASE -- Identification of Pronoun as Subject or Object in a Sentence






PRONOUN CASE 

A Noun acts as a Subject or an Object in a sentence. Similarly a pronoun that substitutes  a Noun is also used as a Subject or an Object. 

I

Personal Pronouns like I, you,he,she or they etc. in Subject case, when are joined by 'and' 'or' , these should be in the same case for example:
 I and He, She and You, They and We etc. 
(All in Subject case)
Me and Him, Us and them, Him and Her etc. (All in Object case)
 
Following sentences illustrate it further. 

John and Mary will participate in the competition.
In this sentence Nouns John and Mary are used as Subject. 

Similarly the pronouns used in place of nouns in this sentence too will be in subject case as
He and She will participate in the competition.

The Principal applauded John and Mary.

In this sentence John and Mary are in object case.

Similarly pronoun to be used in place of nouns John and Mary too will be in object case. 
The Principal applauded him and her.

Here is a list of Pronouns in Subject and Object case.

I --Me,  We --Us, You -- you, He -- Him, She -- Her, They -- Them, It-- It.

Just note the following sentences with regard to use of Subject or Object case of a Pronoun.

SUBJECT CASE

1. Can you achieve  as success as she (not her)?
2. She and I (not me) are not on good terms these days.
3. My brother and I (not myself or me) attended the meeting.
4. You and I (not me) will accomplish this work.
5. My friend and I (not me or myself) were invited to dinner.


OBJECT CASE 

1. These presents are for you and me (not I).
2. Good persons like you and him (not he) always succeed.
3. We scored as many goals as they (not them).
4. Has she invited you as well as him (not he) to the party?
5. He praised you more than her (not she).


II

The sentences having the word 'LET' take object case of a Pronoun as:

Let us do our work together.
Let him do his work.
The teacher did not let him go out.
They may not let you and him (not he) leave.

III

In a sentence after the words 'Like', 'Between', 'But' or a 'Preposition', object case of a pronoun is used as :

Between you and me, he is not a good person.

None but (except) him was present in the meeting.
Nobody will stand by you but (except) me (not I).
All but (except) him (not he) paid the amount.

Persons like him (not he) can never succeed.
Virtuous women like you and her (not she) are respected.

The children paid their respects to (preposition) her (not she).
They brought many gifts for (preposition) you and me (not I).

IV

After the introductory phrases 'It is' or 'It was', a Pronoun in Subject case is used as : 
It was he (not him) who helped me to complete the project. 
It is I (not me) who needs your help urgently.

V

After the word 'than' a pronoun can be used in Subjective as well as Objective case as :

Such sentences can be better understood by completing the latter part of the sentence as

 I like him more than she (likes).

In this sentence I is compared  with she.Both are in subject case.

 Another case is-
I like him more than her. 

In this sentence him is compared with her and both are in object case.  





SYNCHRONISATION 
of Pronoun with other parts of speech in the sentence.

All other parts of speech like verb, helping verb or possessive pronoun etc in the sentence must be in consonance with pronoun  used in the sentence. 
For example:
It is I who have accomplished this job.
Helping verb 'have' is applied here according to the subject 'I' and 'has' will be incorrect here.

It is you who are to be recommended for this task.
In this sentence 'are' is applied in accordance with subject 'you'.

Some Sentences for Practice.

ONE

Select and write the appropriate pronoun in the blank space.

1. It was.......(he/him) who rescued the child.
2. You or .....(I/myself) are said to be at fault.
3. They can solve this problem as well as .......(we/us).
4. She and .......(he/him) are not invited to tea.
5. All except .......(he/him) secured first division. 
6. I performed much better than .......(he/him).
7. Nobody except............( I/me) approached him for help.
8. Let ........(he/him) or his brother pay the amount of the loan.
9. We saw ........(he/him) and his wife strolling in the garden. 
10. All respect  Intelligent students like you and .........(he/him).


 Answers: 
1. He. After an introductory phrase like 'It is' or 'It was', a Pronoun in Subject case is used.
2. I. This sentence is in passive form.Here a pronoun in Subject case is required. 
3. We. Subject case is applicable here. They as well as we can...
4. He This sentence is in passive form. Here He is appropriate pronoun.
5. Him. After except object case is used.
6. He. Subject I is compared with He in subject form.
7.Me After 'except' object case is used.
8. Him. After 'let' object case is used.
9. Him. Here an object is reuired.
10. Him. After like object case is used. 



TWO

Find the error if any in the following sentences.

1. This incident, in a way, helped a lot in removing so many misunderstandings between you and he.
2. The Manager is busy so he has instructed you and I to distribute his work between us and do it.
3. The boss instructed the peon to let his secretary and I go into his office.
4. Everybody present in the hall was scared as you along with he 
entered.
5. The chairman congratulated the whole team of the project including I and my deputy manager.
6. His parents want he and his wife to live together with them in their ancestral house.
7. All suspect his brother to be culprit but I think it may have been he.
8. What would you do if you were he?
9. What is the name of she who stood first in the class?
10. Do you think her sister is more intelligent than she?



ANSWERS
1. ...between you and me. After between object case is required.
2.......he has instructed you and me. Object case is requiredd.
3. After let object case is used. ....secretary and me...
4. Him  ...as you along with him entered.
5. Me ...including me and..
6. Him. Object case is required.his parents want him and .....



THREE

Find the error if any in the following sentences.


1. Whom do you (1) consider prettier whether (2)  she or her sister? (3). No Error(4)

2. The relationship  between Sam and (1) she was superficial and as such (2) it was not going to last longer.
 (3). No Error(4)

3. The teacher, while teaching, (1) did not notice you and he (2) talking with each other in the class.(3) No Error(4)

4. His father wants him, (1) being the eldest  son of the family, (2) should help him in his business.(3) No Error(4).

5. It is now incumbent on you and (1) he to describe your goals so that assessment about their (2) success in the time to come may be ascertained.(3) No Error(4).


ANSWERS

1. (3). This is an interrogative sentence starting with an interrogative pronoun 'whom' and ending with a question mark. The word 'whom'
is used in object case. The pronoun or noun replacing 'whom' in the answer too will be in object case. So 'she or her sister' too should be in object case. Whom do you consider..........her or or her sister?

2. (2) the noun or pronoun after 'between' is used in object case. ....between sam and her...'

3. (2) The teacher is subject, did not notice is a verb and after this object is required. '.....did not notice you and him'.

4. (1) His father is subject wants is verb and the remaining part, a whole clause, '....him........should help him......' acts as object. In this clause 'him' is subject, 'should help' is verb and 'him' is object.  'Him' is incorrect it should be, in subject case, 'he'.

5. (2) After a preposition object case is used. 'On' is a preposition and after this 'you and him' is correct.




FOUR

Mark the part of the sentence containing error, if any, otherwise mark No Error.

1. All the members of the team including captain and I stayed back to attend the meeting.

(a)All the members of the
(b)team including captain 
(c)and I stayed back to attend the meeting.
(d) No Error.

2. The members of the society have  decided to honour she and her husband  in the upcoming function of the society during next month. 

(a)The members of the society have decided to
 (b) honour she and her  husband  in the upcoming
(c) function of the society during next month. 
(d) No Error.

3. Success always honours women like you and she who put their heart and soul in their work and toil hard to achieve their goals.

(a)Success always honours women like you 
(b) and she who put their heart and soul in their 
(c) work and toil hard to achieve their goals.
(d) No Error.


4. Who, whether me or my secretary,  will  attend the meeting tomorrow has not been decided so far.

(a) Who, whether me or my secretary,   
(b)  will attend the meeting tomorrow
(c) has not been decided so far.
(d) No Error.

5. Your parents treat you and she equally and do not behave in a partisan manner with either of you.

(a) Your parents treat you and 
(b) she equally and do not behave in a
(c) partisan manner with either of you.
(d) No Error.


ANSWERS

1. (c). After 'including', object case of noun or pronoun is used. 'including captain and me'  is correct.
2. (b) 'The members of the society' is subject 'has decided to honour' is verb and 'she and her brother' is object. She in object case should be her.  '.......her and her brother'.
3. (b) ...like you and her.'
4. (a) Such sentences generally start with introductory phrase 'it has been..' It has not been decided..... who whether I or my secretary will attend the meeting......'.
5. (b) Your parents is subject 'treat' is verb and 'you and she' is object. She in object case should be 'her'






(CONTD.)


Monday 25 December 2023

RELATIVE PRONOUNS - WHO WHOM WHOSE & WHICH -- Concept Explained with Examples and Exercises

 

 A RELATIVE PRONOUN  is a pronoun that describes a Noun or Pronoun immediately preceding it. It is, in a way, a pronoun used to describe a Noun or a Pronoun. 

The term 'relative' implies relation. It means 'the relative pronoun' relates the noun or pronoun prior to it to the remaining part of the sentence describing it.

A relative pronoun acts not only as a pronoun but also as a conjunction because it works to join parts of a sentence or two sentences; as

I like playing football. It is my hobby. 
I like playing football which is my hobby. 

The Relative Pronouns are - Who in Subject case, Whom in Object case and Whose in Possessive case. All of these three relative pronouns are used in case of living things.

For example:
He is the man who stole my purse.

In this sentence 'He' is Subject and 'is'  verb. 

In fact the main sentence is --  ...the man......stole my purse. Here 'who' is used to give details of the man. It is describing the noun 'man'. Here 'the man' is in subject case. So the relative pronoun 'who' used in its place is also in subject case. 

In other words the relative pronoun 'who' is used in Subject case. 

Following examples elicit this fact further.

He is the boy who stood first in the class. 

In this sentence, ' He is the boy' is a complete part of the sentence. 
'.....the boy .....stood first in the class' is other part of the sentence. Both the parts of the sentence give complete meaning and sense. The relative pronoun 'who' joins these two parts and describes the noun 'the boy' further. As the boy is in subject case, so 'who' is also in subject case. 

The person who met you in the market is my friend.

In this sentence the parts of the sentence are 'The person ...met you in the market..' and 'The person...... is my friend.' The relative pronoun 'who' joins these parts and describes further the noun immediately preceding it 'the person'. Thus it makes the sense and meaning of the sentence  complete. The noun 'the person' is in subject case so 'who' used in its place is also in subject case.

He is the boy whom I like very much.

The two parts in this sentence are - He is the boy ......I like whom  very much. But whom is shifted from its place and is used to connect  two parts of the sentence. If answer to the word 'whom' is sought it will be 'him' i.e. I like him very much. Here 'him' is in objective case. Simi;arly  'Whom' too is in objective case.

So the relative pronoun 'whom' is used in objective case.


The boy whom you met in the market is my friend.

The two parts of the sentence are --
"The boy ..... is my friend" and "you met whom in the market". 
The relative pronoun 'whom' is used to connect these two parts. Here too the answer to the question in part second is 'you met 'him' in the market'. Here 'him' is in object case so 'whom' is also a relative pronoun in object case.

In certain cases the relative pronoun in object case is preceded by a preposition. For example:

To whom was she married? 
By whom is this picture painted?

These senetnces are in interrogative form. 
If these are changed into their affirmative form, these will be:

She was married to whom.....(i.e. him)
This picture is painted by whom.....(i.e. him)

and whom will be substituted by an object like 'him'. 

She was married to him.
This picture is painted by him.

The relative pronoun 'whom' therefore  is in objective case.

When the subject of a verb is a Relative Pronoun, the verb is used agreeing in number and person with the Antecedent of the relative pronoun: as, 

I who am (not is) your friend will stand by you through
thick and thin.
This is one of the best books that have (not has) ever appeared. 
(It is because subject in this sentence is 'books' and not 'one'.


The relative pronoun 'Whose' is used for persons in possessive case. 
For example :

The boy whose purse he stole is my friend.

In this sentence the relative pronoun'whose' is used to join two sentences - The boy ... is my friend. He stole....(his) purse.
The word required to substitute 'whose' is 'his' which is in possessive case. Therefore 'whose' too is a relative pronoun in possesive case.

The boy whose father is a doctor is my friend.

The two parts of the sentence, 'The boy ....is my friend.' and  '....father is a doctor' are joined by the relative pronoun in possessive case 'whose'. If  'whose' is substituted, it will be by a pronoun in place of 'the boy'  'his' i.e. 'he' used in possessive case.

It is wrong to use whose for animals or non living things; as,

The dog the colour of which (not whose colour) is white is mine.
The table, the leg of which (not whose leg) was broken has been got repaired.


'Who' is a relative pronoun in subject case, 'whom' a relative pronoun in object case and 'whose'  is a relative pronoun in possessive case.   

These three pronouns are also used as Interrogative Pronouns. 

For example :

Who stole your book?
Whom do you like?
Whose book is this?
 
In this case the sentence always ends with a question mark(?).


Relative Pronoun 'Which' is used with animals and things. 

For example:

The pen which you see on the  table is mine.

The dog which she purchased yesterday is white.


Relative Pronoun 'Which' is used for making choice out of many things, animals or persons.

For example:

I told him which of the two books I read.
Of all the colours which she likes is green.
I am in a fix which of the gifts to choose.


'Which' is used for persons if a choice is to be made from a number of persons.

I donot know which of these boys is her brother.


Relative Pronoun 'that' is used with a person or a thing

-- Superlative degree i.e. with a specific or a particular thing.

For example:  

He will select the way that he considers the best..
 
This is the best gift that I have ever received.

She purchased the purse that was the costliest.

 'That' is used with certain words as;


Following words take 'that' as relative pronoun with them.

All, any, alone, anything, none, nothing, nobody, same. such, only, everything, much, little, few.


For example:

He is the only person that can save you.

This is all that I had to say.

I paid him the little that I had.

There was none that could explain it. 

He spent everything that he earned.

Relative Pronoun 'that' is used if  person and animal or  thing are referred to in a sentence together.

For example

The jockey and the horse that won the race both will be rewarded.

The man and the car that you saw have since left.


In a sentence with two parts, if the Subject is followed by a relative pronoun, there is no need to add another subject to its second part because the relative pronoun covers that part 
also as ;

The boy who stood first in the class, he will be honoured in the annual function.

In this sentence the relative pronoun 'who' covers both parts of the sentence and the subject 'he' is superfluous here. It will be as;

The boy who stood first in the class will be honoured in the annual function.

Use of That and What

'That" is used as a Relative pronoun, Conjunction and Adjective as;

1. This is the picture that he wants. (Relative Pronoun)
There is a noun before the relative pronoun 'that'.

2. He thinks that he will succeed.
'That', a conjunction, joins two clauses in the sentence.

3. That house is mine.
'That' an adjective describes a noun 'house'.

Both 'That' and 'What' are used as a relative pronoun.

The relative pronoun 'That'  takes a noun before it whereas 'what' is used in the absence of a noun as;

The book that I need is not available in the market.
This is the book that I wanted.
She achieved what she desired in her life. 

I heard carefully all that she spoke.
He will provide all that you need.
(In these sentences, 'all' is a pronoun and 'that' is a relative pronoun. 'That she spoke' and 'all that you need,' a phrase, is acting as an object.)

What she spoke was not audible to me.
What you need will be provided to you.
(In these two sentences 'what you need' and 'what she spoke' (a phrase,) are acting as Subject.)

(Noun+that= what)



Here follow some exercises for practice.


EXERCISE

ONE


Fill in the blank with a suitable relative pronoun in it.
 (using who, whom,whose, which,that)

1. The necklace .......... she lost was made of gold.
2. She is the lady ..........son is a doctor.
3. This is the house........my brother has purchased.
4. He is the person ........ the committe appointed chairman.
5. Nobody likes a person........is lazy.
6. He is not the person.......you can trust upon.
7. She is such a lady ........can deceive you anytime.
8. I donot like the person......accompanies her.
9. He ........lent you a book is known to me.
10. Such persons always decieve those .......trust on them.


TWO

Fill in the blank with a suitable relative pronoun in it.
(using who,whom, whose,which,that)


1. She saw people and animals ......were roaming in the fair. 
2. They rescued the fishermen ....... were stranded in the storm.
3. Do you know the man........you have lent your book?
4. The person ......is standing on the stage is a famous singer.
5.  The oldman........ is wearing a turban is an economist.
6. He ......works hard is sure to succeed in life.
7. He is the same boy ............came to my house yesterday.
8. Where is the employee ........ watch has been solen?
9. Here is the boy......the teacher caught stealing books.
10. The teacher caught the boy ........was stealing books.


ANSWERS
ONE
1.that 2. whose 3. that 4. whom5.who 6. that 7. that 8.who 9.who 10.who
TWO 
1.that 2. that3.whom 4. that 5. that 6. who 7. that 8. whose 9. whom10. who






THREE

Complete the following sentences by using an appropriate relative pronoun out of the given options.

1. You.........(who*/that) are rich should come forward and help the people ............(which/whom*) you can.

2. They.......(who/that*) are wise always behave humbly with others.........(who/whom*) they meet.

3. People......(that*/who) are not true to their word are not respected by those among............(who/whom*) they live.

4. The boy and the car .........(that*/which) were hit by a speeding vehicle are safe in a house........(which*/that) is located nearby.

5. He is one of the ablest students ..........(that*/which) I have ever seen1. in my teaching career..........(which*/that) spanned over ten years.


FOUR 

Out of the following sentences find out the correct one

ONE

1.Children who live in villages are deprived of opportunities of higher education which those which live in cities have.

2.Children who live in villages are deprived of opportunities of higher education whom those which live in cities have.

3.Children which live in villages are deprived of opportunities of higher education whom those who live in cities have.

4.Children who live in villages are deprived of opportunities of higher education which those who live in cities have.


TWO

1. A youngman , who married a girl, which he loved, against the wishes of his parents who did not like her,  had to leave his parents' house.
2. A youngman, that married a girl, who he loved, against the wishes of his parents which did not like her, had to leave his parents' house.
3. A youngman who married a girl, whom he loved, against the wishes of his parents who did not like her, had to leave his parents' house.
4. A youngman, who married a girl, that he loved, against the wishes of his parents who did not like her, had to leave his parents' house.

THREE

1.It is an institution which is nestled in  Sahyadrihills and that is the first of its kind that imparts training to cadets who would be future officers of Army, Airforce and Navy. 

2.It is an institution which is nestled in  Sahyadrihills and that is the first of its kind that imparts training to cadets whom would be future officers of Army, Airforce and Navy. 

 3.It is an institution which is nestled in  Sahyadrihills and that is the first of its kind that imparts training to cadets which would be future officers of Army, Airforce and Navy. 

4. It is an institution who is nestled in  Sahyadrihills and  is the first of its kind that imparts training to cadets which would be future officers of Army, Airforce and Navy. 


FOUR


1.He  which finds my purse who I purchased yesterday will get all the money which I had kept in that

2. He who finds my purse which I purchased yesterday will get all the money that I had kept in that.

3. He which finds my purse who I purchased yesterday will get all the money that I had kept in that.

4. He who finds my purse who I purchased yesterday will get all the money that I had kept in that.

My boss,who joined the office recently, is looking for a house which should be not only spacious but also located in the nearby vicinity.

Sunday 1 October 2023

Error Spotting (Assorted Sentences - Errors of different types)- COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION PATTERN QUESTIONS SENTENCES






ERROR SPOTTING - Assorted Sentences --Competition Examination Questions.

In competition examinations, sentences are given with errors of different types viz. Subject -Verb combination,  use of Adjective -Adverb or Phrasal verbs etc. These errors are  to be identified or rectified. Some sentences of these types are given hereunder for practice.    

 EXERCISE  ONE

In the following sentences find out error and mark the part a,b c and d accordingly. If there is no error in the sentence mark part e.


 1.Happiness is one of the human emotions that produces  positive harmones in the body which are necessary for good health. 

(a) Happiness is one of 
(b) the human emotions that produces
 (c)  positive harmones in the body 
(d) which are necessary for good health.
 (e) No Error.

2. In case it rained in torrents and the playing ground was flooded with rain water, both the teams decided to stop playing and  abandon the match.

(a) In case it rained in torrents and the
(b) playing ground was flooded with rain
(c) water, both the teams decided to stop 
(d) playing and abandon the match.


3. Finally he got the most deserved promotion in order that he has a good technical knowledge in his field and he performs his duty sincerely.

(a) Finally he got the most deserved 
(b) promotion in order that he has 
(c)a good technical knowledge in his 
(d)field and he performs his duty sincerely.


4, After a prolonged discussion with all the members, the committee allowed the visitors park their vehicles in the parking area.

(a) After a prolonged discussion
 (b) with all the members, 
(c)the committee allowed the visitors
(d) park their vehicles in the parking area. 
(e) No Error

5. The government is planning to ban construction of higher than three - storeys buldings as this city falls in the area prone to seismic disturbances.

(a) The government is planning to ban
(b) construction of higher than three - storeys 
(c)buldings as this city falls in the
(d) area prone to seismic disturbances.

6. The sight of the mountain with  twinkling lights on it fascinate the tourists looking at it from a hill on the opposite side.

(a) The sight of the mountain 
(b) with  twinkling lights  on it
(c) fascinate the tourists looking 
(d)at it from a hill on the opposite side.

7. I endeavoured hard to search some sympathetic faces in the crowd gathered around me in the hall from whom I could get some appreciation but there was none. 


(a) I endeavoured hard to search some sympathetic 
(b) faces in the crowd gathered around me
(c) in the hall from whom I could get 
(d) some appreciation but there was none. 


8. Although among different mode of expression, a language is considered the most suitable one for human beings yet sometimes silence too expresses more than a language. 

(a) Although among different mode of 
(b) expression, a language is considered 
(c) the most suitable one for human beings yet 
(d) sometimes silence too expresses more than a language. 

9. We should avoid driving at night because it is very risky as though professional drivers even commit mistakes while driving at night.

(a) We should avoid driving at night
(b) because it is very risky as though 
(c) professional drivers even commit
(d) mistakes while driving at night.


10. The show was delayed a little as the chief guest arrived late at the venue but entering to the hall was allowed half an hour prior to the scheduled time.

(a) The show was delayed a little as the
(b) chief guest arrived late at the venue
(c) but entering to the hall was allowed
(d) half an hour prior to the scheduled time.

EXERCISE  TWO

Following parts a,b,c,d forming a complete sentence may contain an error in any of these. Identify and find out the error and mark the relative part accordingly.If there is no error in the sentence mark part e.


11. 
(a) The new model of this mobile phone may 
(b) likely be available in the market during the month
(c) of December this year and it will cost much
(d) higher than the cost of the present model.
(e) No Error. 

12. 
(a) As the little child sat down on 
(b)the ground to count his coins, a 
(c) five rupee coin slipped unnoticed from 
(d) his hand and went down the table.
(e) No Error.

13. 

(a) Everyone member present in the meeting
(b) participated in the deliberations actively
(c) as everyone was interested to find
(d) out a favourable solution of the issue.
(e) No Error.

14.

 (a)  From the findings of the enquiry  it is
 (b)  revealed that the accused presented
 (c) a pure fabricated story 
(d) to cover his shortcomings,
(e) No Error.


15. 

(a) She had hardly walked upto
(b) the threshold of the house 
(c) when telephone bell rang and she 
(d) had to return to attend to it.
(e) No Error.

16. 

(a) The dinner party scheduled to 
(b) be hosted by the President on
(c) Sunday postponed to some future
(d) date due to unknown reasons.