EDITING IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR -- ERROR SPOTTING , OMISSIONS,SPELLING OR GRAMMAR MISTAKES, - CORRECTING IN A SENTENCE OR PARAGRAPH

Editing in English Grammar 
Error Spotting - 
Omissions - Spelling or Grammatical Mistakes - Correcting 


The importance of a written work being impeccable or grammatically correct can hardly be undermined. It is of utmost importance that the written work is error free and words are correctly spelled, be it some business correspondence or a document required for an academic purpose. In either case a trivial lapse  in a document  can cause a big loss to the purpose for which it is created. Besides it being error free, there should be necessarily a flow of continuity and coherence of thoughts in the article.

 The English language is vast, cumbersome and sometimes difficult and thus it requires good practice and  knowledge for writing a document correctly and deftly. A writer generally first prepares a draft of his writing and then checks it to make corrections, amendments or improvements in it. For this knowledge of using an appropriate word at an appropriate place is very essential. This not only makes it correct but also effective and appealing to the mind of the reader. Besides a writing being grammatically correct there are other factors also required to make it perfect. The language used should be correct. The matter contained must have coherence. For this one needs rich vocabulary and complete grasping of the subject. 

The writer always writes a document correctly but mistakes creep in. There may be mistakes of omission, spellings or wrong use of words. One has to spot errors of all types in a draft document. For this it is very important to learn and understand the basic rules of the language such as structure grammar and punctuation.

 In vocabulary building, the problem is not so much finding new words or even finding out what they mean. The problem is to remember them, to fix them permanently in one's mind. One of the effective ways of fixing the meaning of words is getting at the roots of words - taking words apart i.e. to know about prefixes, suffixes and the main word. This makes a word stick.  

For a technical editor it is also necessary to know the purpose and nature of contents of the writing so as to determine what type of the readers the writer is addressing to. This will help in making the writing more purposeful and effective.










Here  are passages for practice of editing a draft.


ONE

In the following passage, there are mistakes of grammar, spellings and missing words. Spot the errors and correct them.



People reside in the vincity of a  hinterland near the ocean generally  is fond for taking sea food. Most fish is the principal food of these people as  is easily avalable in the area. There are different specis of fish that are used  food by the people. Fugu is one of the species of fish used as food to people. Koreans relish eat delicious food of Fugu fish which is also known  puffer fish. It is a fish in small size. It has spikes with its body which it uses  saving itself from its enemies in the ocean. Its spikes containing a type of poison that it injects in the enemy. Due  these spikes this fish is considered as a danger fish.         


On reading the stanza written above one easily finds errors in the underlined words. After correcting these errors sentences will be as under.




People residing in the vicinity of a  hinterland near the ocean generally are fond of taking sea food. Mostly fish is the principal food of these people as it is easily available in the area. There are different species of fish that are used as food by the people. Fugu is one of the species of fish used as food by people. Koreans relish eating delicious food of Fugu fish which is also known as puffer fish. It is a fish of small size. It has spikes on its body which it uses to save itself from its enemies in the ocean. Its spikes contain a type of poison that it injects into the enemy. Due to these spikes this fish is considered as a dangerous fish.         



TWo

The following sentences have mistakes of spellings, grammar and missing words. Trace out the errors and correct them. 



The task _ cyber security experts today become thoroughly engaging and challenge by hackers and cyber criminals constantly upping there game. Cyber security is a rapid expending field full of much exciting work profiles. Since the risk of cyber attacks is great than ever, companies are fighting to full their ranks of professionals which can protect theirs information and networks against cyber infringements. Whyle the roles played with cyber security experts differs from profile by profile, the basic job remains the same too monitor, investigate and advice on how to stay save in cyber world. A background on technology and IT though are necessary prerequisite for a expert but he needs to constantly update oneself with not only the latest gadgets and tools but also within the latest trends and happening in the domain.




SOLUTION

The task of cyber security experts today becomes thoroughly engaging and challenging with hackers and cyber criminals constantly upping their game. Cyber security is a rapidly expanding field full of many exciting work profiles. Since the risk of cyber attacks is greater than ever, companies are fighting to fill their ranks with professionals who can protect their information and networks against cyber infringements. While the roles played by cyber security experts differ from profile to profile, the basic job remains the same to monitor, investigate and advise on how to stay safe in cyber world. A background in technology and IT though is necessary prerequisite for an expert yet he needs to constantly update himself with not only the latest gadgets and tools but also with the latest trends and happenings in the domain.



EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE



ONE

In the following passage, there are mistakes of grammar, spellings and missing words in sentences. Find out and mark the errors.




Nuclear fission is a process with 
which an unstable atom splits
by two or more smaller pieces 
that is more stable.The fission
 of heavy elements is a exothermic
 reacition and huge  amounts of 
energy is released in the process.
Most of this are binary fissions
 that produce two charged frigments.
 Extra neutrons  also released in
the process and these can then spleet
 additional atoms, resulting at a chain
 reaction that releases  lot of energy.
There are also way to modulate the 
chain reaction with  soaking up the 
neutrons. Within the nucleus their
are diferent forces that act between
the particle. The strong nuclear force 
is the forces between two or more
 nucleons. This force bind protons 
and neutrons togather inside the
 nucleus. The electromagnatic force
 causes the repulsion between likely 
charged protons.These too forces
 produce opposite affect in the
 nucleus. The former act to hold
all protons and neutrons togather 
whiel the electromagnetic force
 act to push protons farther apart.







SOLUTION


Nuclear fission is a process by 
which an unstable atom splits
into two or more smaller pieces 
that are more stable.The fission
 of heavy elements is an exothermic
 reaction and huge  amounts of 
energy are released in the process.
Most of these are binary fissions
 that produce two charged fragments.
 Extra neutrons  are also released in
the process and these can then split
 additional atoms, resulting into a chain
 reaction that releases a lot of energy.
There are also ways to modulate the 
chain reaction by soaking up the 
neutrons. Within the nucleus there
are different forces that act between
the particles. The strong nuclear force 
is the force between two or more
 nucleons. This force binds protons 
and neutrons together inside the 
nucleus.The electromagnetic force 
causes the repulsion between like 
charged protons. These two forces 
produce opposite effect in the
 nucleus.The former acts to hold
 all protons and neutrons together 
while the electromagnetic force 
acts to push protons further apart.




TWO

In the following passage, there are mistakes of grammar, spellings and missing words in sentences. Find out and mark the errors.

The benifits of homework  students is the most debate issue among teachers,parents and
students. The very word evokes  great negative connotations to everyone involvd, students, parents and teachers. A majorty of the people think of homework for doing more harm then good in causing unnecessary stress for everyone. Others believes that it developes a habit of thinking more independantly among students. One benifit of homework is that it helps students to work togather among teachers and parents. Parents too got more involved their children's educational life. Homework make the students more responsible  the habit of discipline and punctuality. But the quantam of homework remain the issue that how homework should be given to a student.




SOLUTION

The benefits of homework to students is the most debated issue among teachers,parents and students. The very word evokes  great negative connotations to everyone involved, students, parents and teachers. A majority of the people think of homework as doing more harm than good by causing unnecessary stress to everyone. Others believe that it develops a habit of thinking more independently among students. One benefit of homework is that it helps students to work together with teachers and parents. Parents too get more involved in their children's educational life. Homework makes the students more responsible by the habit of discipline and punctuality. But the quantum of homework remains the issue that how much homework should be given to a student.


THREE

In the following sentences there are mistakes of grammar, spellings and missing words in sentences. Find out mistakes  mark and correct them.



Two friends set for on a journey to the adjoining town. They were to made some perchases of householdes there. Through  the day they remaned busy in the town. They started there journey back to their homes by the evening. They had covered  little distance when it start getting dark. On their way to  homes there was a thick forest. The forest was infested by wild animals. It was a very risk job to cross the forest at night. Both of the friends were in  fix what to do in that time. They were not able to decide wheather to stay back in the town and go to their homes in the morning or to continue their journey and cross over the forest at night. But they decided to continue their journey. Soon they were engulfed with darkness. They could not hardly see anything near them. Strange voices of animals started coming from all the sides in the forest. They were preplexed and afraid but they continued to walking. After sometime they chanced on to see a small hut near their passage. There was a dim light by a lamp in the hut. They knocked at the door. A thin and frail sage came out. He offered to them to come in the hut and spent the night there. They both went in and spent the night there.They started their journey back to their homes at the next morning. They thanked to the sage for his kind help to them.




SOLUTION

Two friends set out for on a journey to the adjoining town. They were to make some purchases of household goods there. Through  out the day they remained busy in the town. They started their journey back to their homes in the evening. They had covered a little distance when it started getting dark. On their way to their homes there was a thick forest. The forest was infested with wild animals. It was a very risky job to cross the forest at night. Both of the friends were in a fix what to do at that time. They were not able to decide whether to stay back in the town and to go to their homes in the morning or to continue their journey and cross over the forest at night. But they decided to continue their journey. Soon they were engulfed by darkness. They could not hardly see anything near them. Strange voices of animals started coming from all the sides in the forest. They were perplexed and afraid but they continued to walking. After sometime they chanced upon to see a small hut near their passage. There was a dim light of a lamp in the hut. They knocked at the door. A thin and frail sage came out. He offered to them to come in the hut and spend the night there. They both went in and spent the night there.They started their journey back to their homes in the next morning. They thanked to the sage for his kind help to them.

EDITING IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR -- ERROR SPOTTING , OMISSIONS - MISSING WORDS - CORRECTING IN A SENTENCE OR PARAGRAPH

Editing in English Grammar 
- Error Spotting - Omissions - Missing words - Correcting 

A writer writes about what he thinks or observes around himself. First he accumulates all this in his mind and then he puts it  down in writing through an appropriate medium i.e. language or words. This all is an spotaneous and continuous process. Further it is written too with a similar pace. In the process of writing sometimes the writer thinks certain words in his mind but skips those while writing and all this goes unnoticed. This is called omission of words which requires correction for a correct and complete final form of writing. This correcting of omitted words also forms a part of Editing in English Grammar. To understand it better here is a sentence.

Editing is generally during proof reading.

By a casual reading one gets the idea what the writer wants to convey in this sentence but reading it carefully  it becomes clear that there is something missing in the sentence. The main verb in this sentence is missing. So the correct form of the sentence will be as under.

Editing is generally done during proof reading.

In an examination a short text with one omission in each line is given. A candidate is required to find out and provide the words, a clause or a phrase missing in the given sentence or paragraph. Numbered blanks are provided with each line for writing the corrected word. The missing word is to be written with the words prior to it and after it. In the sentence written above it will be -

generally - done - during

In such cases, generally, omission of following types of words are observed.These are to be kept in mind while attempting these questions.

First of all there are omissions relating to tenses or verb forms which are to be noticed and corrected. Auxiliary verbs or modals are not written or are incomplete.

In many cases there are omissions of prepositions in these sentences. Proper preposition is required to be used in the sentence.

Sometimes articles or determiners are missing in the sentences. These are to be identified and provided in the sentence. Similarly conjunctions too are wanting and are required to provided in the sentences.

In certain cases proper pronouns are not used in the sentences. These are required to be corrected.

In certain cases number of nouns is also not used correctly. These also require to be checked and corrected. 

For this purpose a fair good knowledge of vocabulary and grammar is essential. The very first reading of draft or manuscript gives an idea of missing links between different parts of the text. So reading time and again makes the omissions clearer to the reader.

First of all read the complete passage or text to understand the purpose of writing of the writer. This will also give first hand assessment about style and language used.

Try to understand the use of tense in the passage. See that appropriate tense is used in all the sentences. For this subject and verb relation  is to be checked and corrected where it is incorrect.

 Sometimes modals or main verbs are not used correctly. Either of these two is sometimes missing in sentences.

Here under are some exercises of omissions for practice.

ONE

The following sentences have not been edited. There is one error of omission in each sentence. Point out the error, write the missing word with words prior or after omission. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.

1. Both sisters  exceedingly     
       sisters are exceedingly

intelligent but the younger  beautiful than the elder .





2. In her room a candle
      a candle was
 burning dimly the table and

 she was sitting alone the

 chair looking the wall.



3. Time is precious than
more precious  

money. It said that Money 

 lost can regained but time

once lost can't recalled.





SOLUTION 




1. Both sisters  exceedingly     

       sisters are exceedingly

intelligent but the younger is more

beautiful than the elder one.


2. In her room a candle
       was
 burning dimly on the table and

 she was sitting alone in the

 chair looking at the wall.



3. Time is more precious than
more precious  

money. It is said that Money 

 lost can be regained but time

once lost can't be recalled.



TWO


The following sentences have not been edited. There is one error of omission in each sentence. Point out the error, write the missing word with words prior or after omission. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.

One day during  last week I 

 my friends was travelling 

by a car. After we covered a 

little distance when heard a 

great noise  the road side. We 

saw that many people  gathered 

near  big building. They were moving 

here and there in confusion. Some 

them  shouting loudly. We stopped

our car and went  that place. We

saw that the building was fire. Many 

persons were stranded  the building. 

A fire fighting engine  standing there 

and firemen were trying  douse the fire 

but they were not able to control. 

 A large number  flames coming out

 of the building were flying high  

 sky. People standing there told me 

 that a rubber factory and the building

 caught fire due electric short circuiting.

 The firemen with  help of local people

 were able to draw  a large number of

 labourers stuck  the factory. The 

 site presenting a very heart rending

 scene. We felt very sad see all this.

SOLUTION

One day during the last week I 
with my friends was travelling 
by a car. After we had covered a 
little distance when we heard a 
great noise on the road side. We 
saw that many people were gathered 
near a big building. They were moving 
here and there in confusion. Some of
them were shouting loudly. We stopped
our car and went near that place. We
saw that the building was on fire. Many 
persons were stranded inside the building. 
A fire fighting engine was standing there 
and firemen were trying to douse the fire 
but they were not able to control it.
 A large number of flames coming out
 of the building were flying high towards 
 sky. People standing there told me that

 that was a rubber factory and the building

 caught fire due to electric short circuiting.
 The firemen with the help of local people
 were able to draw out a large number of
 labourers stuck inside the factory. The 
 site was presenting a very heart rending
 scene. We felt very sad to see all this.

THREE


The following sentences have not been edited. There is one error of omission in each sentence. Point out the error, write the missing word with words prior or after omission. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.

The food we consume daily    
daily is
converted  glucose, which
fuels the cells  the body. The
excess glucose in the system 
stored in the form  fat. Insulin,
a hormone made  the pancreas,
is a shuttle  the glucose in the
system. If the system  excess
 glucose,  insulin production
goes . If one regularly binges
eat then the body ends  
requiring more insulin  shuttle
the glucose  cells. this is 
referred  pre-diabetes or
insulin resistance. One need
then few healthy dietary 
changes  lifestyle modifications
 help prevent the onset 

 pre-diabetes or control diabetes.

SOLUTION

The food we consume daily is

converted into glucose, which

fuels the cells in the body. The

excess glucose in the system is 

stored in the form of fat. Insulin,

a hormone made by the pancreas,

is a shuttle for the glucose in the

system. If the system has excess

 glucose, the insulin production

goes up. If one regularly binges

eat then the body ends up 

requiring more insulin to shuttle

the glucose to cells. this is 

referred as pre-diabetes or

insulin resistance. One needs

then a few healthy dietary 

changes and lifestyle modifications

that help prevent the onset 

of pre-diabetes or control diabetes.

FOUR

The following sentences have not been edited. There is one error of omission in each sentence. Point out the error, write the missing word with words prior or after omission. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.

Way information technology 
 and artificial intelligence are 
influencing society, the human teacher 
be replaced by mechanical teachers 
future. Children  learn individually
 home sans school, sans human teachers.
" It is difficult to say what  impossible 
for the dream  yesterday is the
 hope of today and  reality of 
tomorrow. " says  educationist. If
learning was to  only about acquiring 
information , robot or tele-teacher 
would be the right choice but  educate 
a person meant only  stuff him or her
 facts or figures. " Education is
not filling  a pail but the lighting 
 a fire." says W.B. Yeats. One
wonders  a machine will be able
to light a fire  the young hearts.
Devoid  human warmth and 
emotions,  the electronic educator
ever be able to establish  emotional

bond between  teacher and students









SOLUTION

The way information technology 
 and artificial intelligence are influencing
influencing society, the human teacher will 
be replaced by mechanical teachers in
future. Children will learn individually
at home sans school, sans human teachers.
" It is difficult to say what is impossible 
for the dream of yesterday is the
 hope of today and the reality of 
tomorrow. " says an educationist. If
learning was to be only about acquiring 
information , a robot or tele-teacher 
would be the right choice but to educate 
a person meant only to stuff him or her
with facts or figures. " Education is
not filling of a pail but the lighting 
of a fire." says W.B. Yeats. One
wonders if a machine will be able
to light a fire in the young hearts.
Devoid of human warmth and 
emotions, will the electronic educator
ever be able to establish an emotional
bond between a teacher and students.

FIVE

In the following sentences there are errors of omission, spellings and grammar. Spot the errors and correct them. Write the incorrect and correct word and underline the correct word.

During the morning prayer, I standing in the first row. But I had lost in my thoughts all the time. My teacher notice this but did not pointed out it to me.  As the prayer over, I along  other students moved to the class room. I did not felt like studying through out the day. The thought of mine friend occupied my mind all the day. I was thinking that my friend will not be coming to school no more. His name was struck of from the rolls of the school as he did not paid his school fee. The principle had announce this in the school. My friend's father was a employee in an factory. That factory laid of staff and his father had lost his services. As his father could not paid his fee in the school, he  extricated from the school. When I reach home in the evening, I narrated the incident  my father.My father asked me how my friend is in his studies. I told him that my friend always had top in the class. My father decide to pay all the dues of my friend in the school. He pay me the amount and send me to his house. I felt very happy that my friend had be able  continue his studies.

SOLUTION

During the morning prayer, I was standing in the first row. But I was lost in my thoughts all the time. My teacher noticed this but did not point out it to me.  As the prayer was over, I along with other students moved to the class room. I did not feel like studying through out the day. The thought of my friend occupied my mind all the day. I was thinking that my friend would not be coming to school anymore.His name was struck off from the rolls of the school as he had not paid his school fee. The principal had announced this in the school. My friend's father was an employee in a factory. That factory laid off staff and his father had lost his service. As his father could not pay his fee in the school, he was extricated from the school. When I reached home in the evening, I narrated the incident to my father. My father asked me how my friend was in his studies. I told him that my friend always had topped in the class. My father decided to pay all the dues of my friend in the school. He paid me the amount and sent me to his house. I felt very happy that my friend would be able to continue his studies .