EDITING IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR -- ERROR SPOTTING , CORRECTING ERRORS AND PUNCTUATING A SENTENCE OR PARAGRAPH

English Grammar Editing 
- Error Spotting, Correcting And Punctuating.

Editing  starts with the inception of thoughts about writing in writer's mind. The writer first of all forms a thought in his mind to write something and then translates that idea into sentences to bring it on paper. But consciously or  unconsciously he then  starts thinking  of writing it in a better way. Thus in a way editing starts when writing itself starts. By the time the thoughts or concepts in the writer's mind come into a written form they already have undergone the process of editing.

Generally a writer notes down what comes to his mind about the topic. He  goes through it and rethinks about the concept. He brings a better version of it in his mind and puts it down by correcting or improving the previous written- version. What a writer writes in the first go is called a draft. The writer  reads this draft again and it may go for a number of times. He, during this process, goes on improving the version of his writing. This is called on-going editing.  

For editing a given draft sentence or paragraph, one has to know what the writer thought while writing. His thoughts should synchronize with those of the writer. One should also know the way of presentation of thoughts required by the writer. Only then a writing can be edited.

A writing involves use of words and phrases in the way as the writer wants to impress upon the reader. So a  proper use of language and words is very essential to know while editing a writing. Vocabulary is the key ingredient required for editing. A complete knowledge about the subject or topic and its terminology is very essential for editing.    

Before editing one should read and re-read the given sentence or paragraph to bring home the basic idea contained in it from the point of view of the writer.

For the purpose of the examination certain key points are necessary to know while editing  a given passage or a sentence. It is essential to know about the subject and the language used in the passage. One should try to understand the idea contained in the passage and the meaning of the words used in it.

First of all  a casual reading from beginning to the end of the paragraph should be given. This gives a sketchy idea of the subject matter. To make the idea clearer the passage be read again until it is well understood. Locate difficult words and know their meanings. If a word is not clear try to know its meaning by linking it with other words and find out the underneath thought meant to be conveyed by the writer. Make sure that appropriate words are used according to the subject contained in the passage. Sometimes similar words with different meanings are used to confuse the candidates. Replace such words with the correct words. Punctuate the passage as and wherever required. After making corrections read the passage again and try to note if there is still any amendment or improvement required in it. Vocabulary is the main tool that helps in the process. Besides practice paves the way for an effective form of editing.  

To sum up steps for editing English Grammar

• Good Command over English Language.
• Know Purpose of Editing.
• Knowledge of style of Editing.
• Proper grasping of the subject.
• Thorough Reading
• Spotting of Errors

Here follow some exercises for practice of candidates. 

ONE

The following sentences have not been edited. There is one error  in each sentence. Point out the error, write the incorrect word and the correction against each sentence. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.

1. His house is far from my.                           my - mine.

2. She told her mother that 
    she will not be able to visit her uncle that day.
   
3. He will not go to the office if it will rain tomorrow.
     

4. The reason why he failed 
     is that he did not work hard.

5. I as well as my brother is
     at fault.

6. He has left this house yesterday.

7. The teacher forbade the students not to disturb him.
    
8. He put me out with a lame excuse.

9. She and her  younger brother enjoyed himself in
our company.

10. The patient is too weak that he cannot walk even.
      

SOLUTION

1. His house is far from my.	my - mine
2. She told her mother that      she will not be able to visit      her uncle that day.	Will - would
3. He will not go to the office      if  it will rain tomorrow.	Will rain - rains
4. The reason why he failed       is that he did not work hard	Why - that
5. I as well as my brother is      at fault.	Is -am
6. He has left this house yesterday.	has left - left
7. The teacher forbade the students not to disturb him.	not to - to
8. He put me out with a lame excuse.	Put me out- put me off
9. She and her  younger brother      enjoyed himself in our          company.	Himself - themselves
10. The patient is too weak that       He cannot walk even.	Too - so

TWO

The following paragraph has not been edited. There is one error  in each line. Write the incorrect words and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.

 Once a king rules in a state. The king      rules in - ruled over 

was very cheerful and his queen always        

remained very sad. She always remain          

in a pensive mood most sitting in her            

chamber. This made the king worry and

he tried to find out the reason for her

sadness. The queen's maids also attempt

to make her happy but no avail. The

king made a announcement in his state

that he will give a huge amount as a prize

to the person who make the queen happy.

Many people came and try but none 

was successful. One day a sage came by

the king and told him that he wants to 

try  make the queen happy. The king gave

to him his permission. The sage brought

a number of small children with himself.

As the queen saw those children she start

playing with theirs. She spent a lot of

time with them. She felt very happy with

their accompany. She did not want to 

leave them. This gave immense enjoy to

both the king and queen because they

had no issues of their own. The king 

thank the sage and gave him a lot of 

money as reward to his act.

SOLUTION

Once a king rules in a state. The king	Rules in  -  ruled over
was very cheerful and his queen always	And -but
remained very sad. She always remain	Remain- remained
in a pensive mood most sitting in her	Most - mostly
chamber. This made the king worry and	Worry - worried
he tried to find out the reason for her	For - of
sadness. The queen's maids also attempt	Attempt - attempted
to make her happy but no avail. The	no avail – to no avail
king made a announcement in his state	A - an
that he will give a huge amount as a prize	Will - would
to the person who make the queen happy	Make - made
Many people came and try but none	try - tried
was successful. One day a sage came by	By - to
the king and told him that he wants to	Wants -wanted
try  make the queen happy. The king gave	Make - to make
to him his permission. The sage brought	to him - him
a number of small children with himself. As the queen saw those children she start	himself - him start - started
playing with theirs. She spent a lot of	Theirs - them
time with them. She felt very happy with	With -in
their accompany. She did not want to	Accompany - company
leave them. This gave immense enjoy to .	Enjoy - joy
both the king and queen because they	And queen – the queen
had no issues of their own. The king	Issues - issue
thank the sage and gave him a lot of	Thank - thanked
money as reward to his act.	To - for

THREE

The following sentences have not been edited. Each line contains  one error . Spot the error, write the incorrect words and the correction against the correct question number. One is done as an example.

Elimination for child labour is undoubtedly   for -of
one of the biggest challenge facing our 
country. Various article of the constitution
prohibits  the employment of children in
factories. Under Article 24, it has stated
that no child below the ages of fourteen
shall be employed in any factory.Once 
a person asked a miner boy working 
in a factory why he works there
 and if he does not know that law
 does not permit that. He politely
 replied that he not knows laws
 but he knew that he works
because he needs money. 
His father does not have money 
enough to run family expenditure.

SOLUTION

Elimination of child labour is undoubtedly           for -of

one of the biggest challenges facing our

 country. Various articles of the constitution

prohibit  the employment of children in 

factories. Under Article 24, it has been stated

that no child below the age of fourteen

will be employed in any factory. Once 

a person asked a minor boy working 

in a factory why he worked there

 and if he did not know that law

 did not permit that. He politely

 replied that he did not know laws

 but he knew that he worked

because he needed money. 

His father did not have money 

enough to run family expenses.

FOUR

The following sentences have not been edited. Each line contains  one error . Spot the error, write the incorrect words and the correction against the correct question number. One is done as an example.

There lived a old woman in                             a- an

a small village. She lived lonely

at her house. Her children lived

separate in a nearby city after

she lose her husband a couple

of year ago. She earned her

livelihood from doing odd

domestic jobs in people

houses. She was content for

her lot. She had been always

very cheerful. She is always

went for the village temple

daily in the morning everyday.

 She never demand 

nothing from God. One day

the temple preest asked her

why she comes to the temple

daily. She replied that she comes

to telling the God that His

selection is excellent when He

selects her for His all favours.

She came to thanks God also.

SOLUTION




There lived an old woman

 in a small village. She lived alone 

in her house. Her children lived  

separately in a nearby city after 

she  lost her husband a couple 

of years ago. She earned her

 livelihood by doing odd 

domestic jobs in people's 

houses. She was content with 

her lot. She was always 

very cheerful. She is  always

 went to the village temple 

daily in the morning everyday. 

She never demanded 

anything from God. One day 

the temple priest asked her 

why she came to the temple 

daily. She replied that she came

 to tell the God that His

 selection was excellent when He 

selected her for His all favours. 

She came to thank Him also.

EDITING IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR --- SPOTTING, MENDING, CORRECTING AND PUNCTUATING A GIVEN PASSAGE OR SENTENCE.

Editing In English Grammar 

-  Editing in English Grammar is done to improve or correct the given words or sentences for an effective and elaborate version of writing.

Editing in English Grammar is a stage in the process of writing with a writer endeavoring to improve or correct words or sentences. To make the writing more effective and lucid, the sentences are made precise or clearer or sometimes more elaborate. For this, modification or simplification is required to make sentences or passage correct, consistent, accurate and complete. It involves adding,deleting and rearranging words or recasting sentences. It is finding and mending faults to clarify ideas contained in the writing. 

Editing is done while writing itself. A writer writes but thinks about better words or way of his writing and applies to the sentence during his writing. Sometimes while writing a writer thinks of more than one sentences and writes choosing the best of these. In this process the writer also gets new ideas and the same are added to the writing. This is called On Going Editing.

But in most of the cases a writer writes at the first instance what comes to his mind, prepares a rough work and then he reads it again to get a view of his work. In this process he comes across some mistakes or omissions which he corrects subsequently. It is called Draft Editing because first of all in it a draft is prepared and then it is corrected and improved.

From examination point of view Draft Editing is very important because in an examination a candidate is required to edit and correct an unedited draft paragraph or sentence. 

Note : There is no specific pattern of mistakes in the sentence or paragraph. These mistakes may be of commission or omission. There are mistakes of spellings, grammatical mistakes or those of sequence of tenses etc.

There are certain check points required to be observed while editing. First of all, the writer must be sure that he is writing what he thought of or observed. His writing must be in accordance with that. All the required details should be given in the passage or sentence. These should be clear, appropriate and correctly spelled and duly punctuated too.

Steps for Editing in English Grammar

• Good knowledge of English language.
• Purpose of editing the work.
• Spotting and Fixing errors -Factual and Grammatical.
• Thorough Reading and re-reading the passage.

While editing it should be ensured that -

• a sentence states its meaning clearly using the right words.
• Words or sentences are in their right places.
• Redundant or Duplicate words or sentences are eliminated or deleted.
•  Words are appropriately  spelled and  punctuation is in place.
• Omissions are properly detected and corrected.
• Gap-fill  exercise is made by 'choosing and removing words' method.

Here are some examples to explain the process.

ONE

The following paragraph has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.


1. It is a well known historically          
   historically -historical

2. effect that there is little connect

3. between innate common senses

4. and education qualifications.Some

5. of the successful historical figure

6. and famous beings had no degrees

7. to boast. Some had not even learnt 

8. the basic of alphabet.Today in our day 

9. to day life we often come of such

10. worldly - wise characters whom may 

11. not have gone beyond middle of school.

SOLUTION

The following paragraph has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.

1. It is a well known historically        

   historically - historical

2. effect that there is little connect        

    effect -fact

3. between innate common senses            

  senses - sense 

4. and education qualifications.Some    

education- educational 

5. of the successful historical figure           

  figure - figures

6. and famous beings had no degrees        

 beings - persons

7. to boast. Some had not even learnt      

  boast - boast of

 8. the basic of alphabet.Today in our day   

 basic - basics

 9. to day life we often come of such     

Comes of - come across

10. worldly - wise characters whom may    

whom- who

11. not have gone beyond middle of school.    

  middle of - middle

 It is a well known historical fact that there is little connect between innate common sense and educational qualifications. Some of the successful historical figures and famous persons had no degrees to boast of. Some had not even  learnt the basics of alphabet. Today in our day to day life we often come across such worldly-wise characters who may not have gone beyond middle * school.
   

TWO

The following paragraph has not been edited. There is one error of omission in each line. Write the incorrect words and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.


1. Success comes those who try and never         
     Comes to those

2. tire. To a winner one has to learn to

3. strive perseverance, courage and determination

4. Success cannot be achieved a day. The road 

5. to success is not easy one. It is narrow, 

6. rough, patchy, long and full hurdles and

7. obstacles. One has learn to overcome

8. the hurdles and obstacles achieve

9. the desired goal. A little failure not matter.    



SOLUTION:

 The following paragraph has not been edited.There is one error of omission in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the word you have supplied, One is done as an example.  

1. Success comes those who try and never

comes to those

2.tire. To a winner one has to learn to                           

  
To be a  

3.strive perseverance, courage and determination     

     
strive with perseverance 

4.Success cannot be achieved a day. The road     
achieved in a

5. to success is not easy one. It is narrow
not an easy 

    

6.rough, patchy, long and full hurdles and   
full of hurdles 

7.obstacles. One has learn to overcome     

 has to learn

8.the hurdles and obstacles achieve     
 obstacles to achieve

9.the desired goal. A little failure not matter.    
 failure does not     

Success comes to those who try and never tire. To be a winner one has to learn to strive with perseverance, courage and determination. Success cannot be achieved in a day. The road to success is not an easy one. It is narrow, rough, patchy, long and full of hurdles and obstacles. One has to learn to overcome the hurdles and obstacles to achieve the desired goal. A little failure does not matter.    

        
    

THREE

In the following paragraph some words have  been omitted while writing.  There is such an error of omission in each line. Find out and write the missing word with words on each side of it. Underline 
the word you supplied. One is done as an example 


 In order to deal  negative feelings
deal with negative
 like jealousy is to accept  existence.
One should not feel guilty or  others
feel guilty  these negative emotions.
One  accept that these emotions
exist and come up naturally  time
to time. One should try to find  a 
solution rather  worrying about these.
Jealousy is a feeling that comes  a 
sense lack. It arises from the idea that
one has less and someone else more.
Whenever jealousy takes  someone  
he should count how much he been
given in his life. This  a person feel
grateful. A sense gratitude overcomes 
the feelings  jealousy very effectively.
One should let jealousy serve a positive
 motivation  do more meaningful
endeavours. One should strive to a
better version oneself.   

SOLUTION

In order to deal  negative feelings
deal with negative
 like jealousy is to accept  existence.
accept their existence
One should not feel guilty or  others
or make others
feel guilty  these negative emotions.
guilty about these
One  accept that these emotions
One  should accept
exist and come up naturally  time
naturally from  time
to time. One should try to find  a 
find out  a 
solution rather  worrying about these.
rather than  worrying 
Jealousy is a feeling that comes  a 
comes from  a 
sense lack. It arises from the idea that
sense  of lack
one has less and someone else more.
else has more.
Whenever jealousy takes  someone  
takes over someone  
he should count how much he been
he has been
given in his life. This  a person feel
This makes a 
grateful. A sense gratitude overcomes 
sense of gratitude
the feelings  jealousy very effectively.
feelings of  jealousy 
One should let jealousy serve a positive
serve as a
 motivation  do more meaningful
motivation to  do
endeavours. One should strive to a
 to be a
better version oneself.   
version of oneself. 





In order to deal with negative feelings
 like jealousy is to accept their existence.
One should not feel guilty or make others
feel guilty about these negative emotions.
One should accept that these emotions
exist and come up naturally from time
to time. One should try to find out a 
solution rather than worrying about these.
Jealousy is a feeling that comes from a 
sense of lack. It arises from the idea that
one has less and someone else has more.
Whenever jealousy takes over someone  
he should count how much he has been
given in his life. This makes a person feel
grateful. A sense of gratitude overcomes 
the feelings of jealousy very effectively.
One should let jealousy serve as a positive
 motivation to do more meaningful
endeavours. One should strive to be a
better version of oneself.   

FOUR

The following paragraph has not been edited. There is one error  in each line. Write the incorrect words and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.




Scientists have find link between prolonged  
  find - found
exposure to screens and obesity children.      
Children who spends more time using    
technology prone to obesity, a new study
 by researchers suggest. They have observed 
that the average toddler today spends a hour
 watching TV. At the time a child reaches the 
age nine this period extends to more than 
seven hour a day. Children spend much of
 their time engage in one or the other form 
of digital media. It is also observe that 
engaging in media late at night can be high
 destructive to young people's sleep patterns
 which puts them at higher risk of obesity.  







Scientists have find link between prolonged  

  find - found

exposure to screens and obesity children.      

 Children- in children

Children who spends more time using       
      

   spends - spend

technology prone to obesity, a new study  
        
 prone - are prone

 by researchers suggest. They have observed       

suggest - suggests

that the average toddler today spends a hour     

 a hour - an hour

watching TV. At the time a child reaches the 

At the- By the

age nine the period extends to more than

        age - age of
seven hour a day. Children spend much of

  hour - hours
their time engage in one or the other
     
engage - engaging
 of digital media. It is also observe that

       
 observe - observed 
 engaging in media late at night can be high

high - highly
destructive to young people's sleep patterns

   sleep - sleeping
which puts them at higher risk of obesity.

      puts- put

Scientists have found link between prolonged  

 exposure to screens and obesity in children.      
Children who spend more time using    
technology are prone to obesity, a new study
 by researchers suggests. They have observed 
that the average toddler today spends an hour
 watching TV. By the time a child reaches the 
age of nine this period extends to more than 
seven hours a day. Children spend much of
 their time engaging in one or the other form 
of digital media. It is also observed that 
engaging in media late at night can be highly
 destructive to young people's sleeping patterns
 which put them at higher risk of obesity.  

FIVE

The following paragraph has not been edited. There is one error  in each line. Write the incorrect words and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.


The department of police is a area of                    
 a - an

administration who remains in maximum
contact to public. Some of the junior

ranked officers which may not be well

educate, remain in touch with the public

more then their officers. This naturally 

gives them a lot of practice experience.

This experience farther gets sufficiently

sharpen by some common sense and 

a highly develop presence of mind.









SOLUTION

The following paragraph has not been edited. There is one error  in each line. Write the incorrect words and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the word you have supplied. One is done as an example.

The department of police is a area of

a - an

administration who remains in maximum

 who - which

contact to public. Some of the junior
to - with

ranked officers which may not be well 

which - who

educate, remain in touch with the public 

educate -- educated

more then their officers. This naturally

 then - than

gives them a lot of practice experience. 

practice - practical

This experience farther gets sufficiently

 farther - further

sharpen by some common sense and 

sharpen - sharpened

a highly develop presence of mind. 

develop - developed

The department of police is an area of administration which remains in maximum contact with public. Some of the junior ranked officers who may not be well educated, remain in touch with the public more than their officers. This naturally gives them a lot of practical experience. This experience further gets sufficiently sharpened by some common sense and highly developed presence of mind.           

SIX

In the following paragraph that has not been edited, there is one error  in each line. Spot the incorrect word and write the incorrect word and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the correct word  supplied. One is done as an example.

A railway station is a place wherein people        
wherein - where

by different cultures and attitude converge.

This is given a spectrum of a variety of

hews of life.People exhibit their attitude

towards their fellow beings. They experienced

feelings of pleasure and pains about their

relative and friends. Their weaknesses and strengths

comes out to the forefront on their faces. Some

experiences joy while others have depressing

feelings by joining and leaving their own people.

SOLUTION

In the following paragraph that has not been edited, there is one error  in each line. Spot the incorrect word and write the incorrect word and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the correct word  supplied. One is done as an example.

A railway station is a place wherein people   
wherein - where

by different cultures and attitude converge.
by - of

This is given a spectrum of a variety of                     
 is given - gives

hews of life.People exhibit their attitude      
hews - hues

towards their fellow beings. They experienced     
experienced - experience   

feelings of pleasure and pains about their         
pains - pain

relative and friends. Their weaknesses and strengths    
relative -  relatives

comes out to the forefront on their faces. Some  
comes - come

 experiences joy while others have depressing  
 experiences - experience

feelings by joining and leaving their own people.         
 by - of 

A railway station is a place where people of different cultures and attitude converge.This gives a spectrum of a variety of hues of life.People exhibit their attitude towards their fellow beings. They experience feelings of pleasure and pain about their relatives and friends. Their weaknesses and strengths come out to the forefront on their faces. Some experience joy while others have depressing feelings of joining and leaving their own people.

SEVEN

In the following paragraph that has not been edited, there is one error  in each line. Spot the incorrect word and write the incorrect word and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the correct word  supplied. One is done as an example.


Vertigo is a sensation of spinning dizzy.   
       dizzy - dizziness

It is not as simple as much people 

think. It is often associates with looking

down to height but it can also be caused

of the problems in inner ear or brain. This 

dizziness is comes with nausea, vomiting,

sweating or difficult in walking. Persistent

vertigo has linked with mental health 

issues. A psychiatric problem may causes

dizziness, and vertigo may lead by depression

and anxiety with an individual. Dizziness 

can happen with anyone at any age but

is commonly in people aged 65 or above

SOLUTION

Vertigo is a sensation of spinning dizzy 

   dizzy - dizziness

It is not as simple as much people   

 much - many

think it is often associates with looking 

 associates - associated 

down to height but it can also be caused

to - from 

of the problems in inner ear or brain. This

of - by

dizziness is comes with nausea, vomiting 

 comes - comes 

sweating or difficult in walking. Persistent

 difficult -difficulty   

vertigo has linked with mental health

 has - has been

issues. A psychiatric problem may cause

causes - cause

dismisses, and vertigo may lead by depression

by - to

     

and anxiety with an individual. Dizziness    

 with- in 

can happen with anyone at any age but       

with - to

is commonly in people aged 65 or above

commonly - common

Vertigo is a sensation of spinning dizziness. It is not as simple as many people think. It is often associated with looking down from height but it can also be caused  by the problems in inner ear or brain. This dizziness * comes with nausea, vomiting,sweating or difficulty in walking. Persistent vertigo has been linked with mental health issues. A psychiatric problem may cause dizziness, and vertigo may lead to depression and anxiety in an individual. Dizziness can happen to anyone at any age but is common in people aged 65 or above

EIGHT

In the following paragraph that has not been edited, there is one error  in each line. Spot the incorrect word and write the incorrect word and the correction against the correct question number. Underline the correct word  supplied. One is done as an example.

Now a days food is plenty by those    by-with

 which can afford it and at the same

time is in scant with those who is

 undernourished. The  former eats as
more as they desire 

whereas the latter
find it difficulty to get a square meal even.

Peoples having surplus food enjoy overeating

though it may pose hazards for their health.

 It is a snobbery by the rich to take

 food more then they require and they

 are also with the habit of  wasting food. 

They serve food lavishly for their parties

 to make show of their rich.They do not

 feel bad in throwing  lot  food in
waste basket. If they

 shun the habit of
overeating and waste food they can serve

 themselves as well as that who are 
undernourished. They 

could thus not only save
 themselves from diseases but also provides

 sufficient food by those who really require it. 

SOLUTION

Now a days food is plenty by those 
by-with

 which can afford it and at the same
which - who

time is in scant with those who is
is - are

 undernourished. The  former eats as
eats - eat

more as they desire 
more - much

whereas the latter
find it difficulty to get a square meal even.
difficulty - difficult

Peoples having surplus food enjoy overeating
peoples -  people

though it may pose hazards for their health.
for - to  

 It is a snobbery by the rich to take
by - among 

food more then they require and they
then - than 

 are also with the habit of  wasting food. 
with - in

They serve food lavishly for their parties
for - in

 to make show of their rich.They do not
rich - riches

 feel bad in throwing  lot  food in the
waste basket. If they
lot - a lot of

shun the habit of
overeating and waste food they can serve
waste - wasting

themselves as well as that who are 
undernourished. They 
that - those

could thus not only save
 themselves from diseases but also provides
could - can

 sufficient food by those who really require it. 

by - to

 Now a days food is plenty with those who can afford it and at the same time is in scant with those who are undernourished. The former eat as much as they desire whereas the latter find it difficult to get a square meal even. People having surplus food enjoy overeating though it may  pose hazards to their health. It is a snobbery among the rich to take food more than they require and they are also in the habit of  wasting food. They serve food lavishly in their parties  to make show of their riches.They do not  feel bad in throwing a lot of food in the waste basket. If they shun the  habits of overeating and wasting food they can serve themselves as well as those who are undernourished. They can thus not only save  themselves from diseases but also can provide sufficient food to those who really require it. 

(This method of writing in a paragraph is adopted just to make the concept of editing clear. Otherwise the  question in an examination is to be attempted as per instructions in the question.)