NARRATION
There are two different ways of expressing things. A statement given by the speaker himself is Direct Form of Speech whereas a version of the same statement conveyed by another person to someone is Indirect Form of Speech.
There are two forms of speech :- Direct form of speech & Indirect form of speech.
Direct form of speech -----
Howard said to his brother, “I am going to the market.”
Indirect form of speech-----
Howard told his brother that he was going to the market.
When the actual form and words of the speaker are used, it is direct speech but when one gives the substance of speech of the speaker it is indirect speech.
Direct speech consists of two parts:-
1. Reporting speech 2. Reported speech
These two parts, Reporting Speech and Reported Speech
are separated from each other by a comma (,) and
inverted commas (“ ”).
The part outside the inverted commas forms Reporting Speech (i.e. who is reporting and to whom) and the statement enclosed within the inverted commas is Reported Speech (i.e. the matter that is being reported). The first word of the reported speech begins with a capital letter.
He said to me, " I learn my lesson."
He said to me --- Reporting Speech.
I learn my lesson --- Reported Speech
DIRECT FORM OF SPEECH
He said to me, " I am reading a book."
He said to me ," Reporting Speech
Comma Inverted commas start
I am reading a book. "Reported Speech
Inverted commas close
INDIRECT SPEECH
In Indirect Speech
- inverted commas are not used, but generally reporting speech and reported speech are joined together by the conjunction like ‘that’, ‘if’ or ‘whether’ etc.
-the comma between reporting speech and reported speech is removed.
- The signs of question mark and exclamation are not used. Instead full stop sign is used.
- The tense of reporting speech is not changed.
-The forms of interrogative, imperative, exclamatory and optative sentences are changed to assertive sentence.
- The tense of reported speech is changed according to the tense of reporting speech.
He said to me, " I learn my lesson." ......... DIRECT FORM
He told me that he learnt his lesson. ........INDIRECT FORM
Change of direct speech to indirect speech is explained in detail in the following paragraphs.
While changing Direct speech into Indirect speech, following rules are followed.
A. If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future Tenses, the tense of verb in the reported speech is not changed at all while changing from direct speech to indirect speech i.e.
1.Direct – He says, “ John paints a picture.”
Indirect –He says that John paints a picture.
2. Direct – He says, “ John painted a picture.”
Indirect –He says that John painted a picture.
3.Direct – He says, “ John will paint a picture.”
Indirect –He says that John will paint a picture.
4.Direct – He will say, “ John likes this picture.”
Indirect –He will say that John likes that picture.
5.Direct – He will say, “ John liked this picture.”
Indirect –He will say that John liked that picture.
6.Direct – He will say, “ John will like this picture.”
Indirect –He will say that John will like that picture.
B. If the reporting verb is in the Past Tense the tense of the verb in the Reported speech is changed to one or the other of the four forms of the past tense ; thus :
1. Present Indefinite Tense changes into Past Indefinite Tense: First form of verb-- Go or Goes-changes to Second form
of verb i.e. Went.
2.Present Continuous Tense changes into Past Continuous Tense: Am,is or are + first form of verb +ing i.e. am, is or are going are changed to -- was or were + first form of verb +ing i.e. was or were going.
3. Present Perfect Tense changes into Past Perfect Tense:
Has or Have + third form of verb changes to Had + third form of verb Has or Have + gone changes to Had + gone.
4.Present Perfect Continuous Tense changes into Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Has or Have been + first form of verb + ing- are changed to Had been + first form of verb +ing
Has been going changes to Had been going
5. Past Indefinite Tense changes into Past Perfect Tense: Second form of verb i.e. Went changes to Had + third form of verb i.e. Had gone
6.Past Continuous Tense changes into Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Was or were + first form of verb +ing i.e. was or were going changes to Had been + first form of verb +ing i. e. Had been going
7. Past Perfect Tense & Past Perfect continuous tense remain unchanged. Had + third form of verb & Had been + first form of verb + ing Had gone & Had been going.
8. Shall & will change into would, Can into Could & May into might.
2.Present Continuous Tense changes into Past Continuous Tense: Am,is or are + first form of verb +ing i.e. am, is or are going are changed to -- was or were + first form of verb +ing i.e. was or were going.
3. Present Perfect Tense changes into Past Perfect Tense:
Has or Have + third form of verb changes to Had + third form of verb Has or Have + gone changes to Had + gone.
4.Present Perfect Continuous Tense changes into Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Has or Have been + first form of verb + ing- are changed to Had been + first form of verb +ing
Has been going changes to Had been going
5. Past Indefinite Tense changes into Past Perfect Tense: Second form of verb i.e. Went changes to Had + third form of verb i.e. Had gone
6.Past Continuous Tense changes into Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Was or were + first form of verb +ing i.e. was or were going changes to Had been + first form of verb +ing i. e. Had been going
7. Past Perfect Tense & Past Perfect continuous tense remain unchanged. Had + third form of verb & Had been + first form of verb + ing Had gone & Had been going.
8. Shall & will change into would, Can into Could & May into might.
C. But if the Reported Speech expresses some universal truth or habitual fact, then the tense of verb in the reported speech is not changed into the corresponding Past but remains exactly as it is.
He said, “Man is mortal.”
He said, “Man is mortal.”
He said that man is mortal.
He said, “Two and two make four”
He said, “Two and two make four”
He said that two and two make four.
D. As a general rule words showing nearness of time or place are changed into words showing distance as follows :
Now changes into Then ,
D. As a general rule words showing nearness of time or place are changed into words showing distance as follows :
Now changes into Then ,
This changes into That
Here ----There,
Here ----There,
Today-------That day,
Tonight---That night
These-------Those,
Yesterday----the previous day,
Yesterday----the previous day,
Come--Go Hence----Thence,
Last night-----The previous night,
Thus----So
Thus----So
Hither----Thither,
Tomorrow – the next day,
Tomorrow – the next day,
Ago –before.
E. The verb in reporting speech is changed into told, asked, ordered, requested, advised, exclaimed or some other such word according to the form or sense of the sentence.
F. If the reported speech contains different kinds of sentences all of these are changed according to their form with help of suitable words.
Change of Different types of sentences from Direct speech into Indirect speech
A sentence generally comprises of Subject, verb and object.
He sings a song.
He-Subject,
sings-verb and
a song-object.
Sentences with intransitive verbs do not have an object.
He sleeps. The child weeps.
Sentences with intransitive verbs do not have an object.
He sleeps. The child weeps.
Here sleeps and weeps are intransitive verbs.
These sentences have no object.
In similar way, sentences in reporting and reported speech generally have these three parts- subject, verb and object.
In similar way, sentences in reporting and reported speech generally have these three parts- subject, verb and object.
Simple Sentence :
If reporting speech does not have any object, its verb is not changed i.e.
He said, “ ” will be...
He said that…
If reporting speech has an object, ‘says’ in it changes into ‘tells’ and ‘said’ changes into ‘told’.
According to the meaning or sense of the reported speech ‘said to’ in the reporting speech also changes into words like stated, informed, asserted, reported or complained etc.
Inverted commas in the sentence are removed and after reporting speech the word ‘that’ is used.
In the indirect speech, First person used in the reported speech changes according to subject in the reporting speech. Second person in the reported speech changes according to object in the reporting speech. Third person in the reported speech does not change.
First Person (1)
Subject
Second Person (2)
Object
Third Person (3)
No change
1 2 3
S O N
For example :
1. He said, “ I like him very much ”
In this sentence as there is no object in reporting speech ‘said’ will not change.
Comma and inverted commas will change into ‘that’.
‘I’ is first person and it will change into subject which is ‘he’. ‘I’ will change into ‘he’.
‘like’ will change into ‘liked’.
Him is third person, so it will not change.
Comma and inverted commas will change into ‘that’.
‘I’ is first person and it will change into subject which is ‘he’. ‘I’ will change into ‘he’.
‘like’ will change into ‘liked’.
Him is third person, so it will not change.
He said that he liked him very much.
2. He said to her, “I like you very much.”
‘Said to’ will change into ‘told’.
Comma and inverted commas will change into ‘that’.
‘I’ (First Person) will change into (Subject = He) ‘he’.
‘You’ is second person, it will change according to object ‘her’.
Comma and inverted commas will change into ‘that’.
‘I’ (First Person) will change into (Subject = He) ‘he’.
‘You’ is second person, it will change according to object ‘her’.
He told her that he liked her very much.
3. She said to him, “Your sister is my friend.”
‘Said’ to will change into ‘told’.
‘Your’, second person, will change according to object ‘him’.
It will be ‘his’. ‘Is’ = ‘was’.
‘My’, first person, will
change according to subject ‘She’. It will be ‘her’.
She told him that his sister was her friend.
Some More Examples:
He said to me, “I did not tell a lie to your brother.”
He told me that he had not told a lie to my brother.
They said to the stranger, “You cannot enter our house like this.”
They told the stranger that he could not enter their house like that.
The boy said to me, “You have not stolen my books”
The boy told me that I had not stolen his books.
The girl said, “Mother, I shall wait for you here tomorrow.”
The girl told her mother that she would wait for her there the next day.
The doctor said to the patient, “You will get well soon if you take this medicine regularly.”
The doctor told the patient that he would get well soon if he took that medicine regularly.
You said to me, “I was not witnessing the match yesterday.”
You told me that you were not witnessing the match the previous day.
Just see the following sentences and identify subject and object in the reported and reporting speeches and co-relate them with each other to change the sentence into indirect speech.
The teacher said to your mother," I observe that your son is the most brilliant student in my class."
Reporting speech----The teacher (subject) is --third person. your mother{object) is also a third person.
Reported speech ----- I (subject) is first person and your is second person and my is first person.
The sentence will be after change-----
The teacher told your mother that he observed that her son was the most brilliant student in his class.
Your mother said to him," I agree with you but I want that my son should also stand first in the class."
Reporting speech----Your mother (subject) is --third person. him (object) is also a third person.
Reported speech ----- I (subject) is first person and you is second person and my is first person.
The sentence after change will be------
Your mother told him that she agreed with him but she wanted that her son should also stand first in the class.
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