NOUN -- ITS PLACEMENT IN A SENTENCE

 A sentence comprises Subject and Predicate. A noun(or pronoun) is used as a Subject and an Object in a sentence. Predicate includes a finite verb. 

A noun is a doer in case of Subject and a recipient in case of Object. A Noun does the work in case of Subject and receives the fruit of work in case of Object.

For example

 John writes a letter. 

John ,Subject,  is doing some work. 

John helps Smith. 

'Smith' is receiving help. 

'Smith' is Object here.

A noun can  modify another noun also. It is called a noun adjunct or attributive noun.

 

Like regular adjectives it does not change forms i.e. it does not take comparative or superlative degrees. Example Mango tree, School Bus, Wall paper, Book worm etc.  

These nouns (used as adjectives) are mostly used in singular form e.g.Table cloth, Bed sheet etc. 

These nouns show the purpose e.g. Office table, Water tank etc.

These show type or category : Army man, Sanitory worker etc.

These can be according to origin London bridge, Wall street etc.

These can be according to material used e.g. Paper napkin, Gold ring etc.

These can be according to time Morning walk, Summer vacation etc.

These are according to possession or relation Group photo, Hair pin etc. 

'Artificial nouns' i.e.

Gerunds too are used as adjectives. 

For example Running car, Swimming pool etc. 

A Gerund is used as an adjective  with subject as well as Object. 

For example 

A flying squad reached there. 

'Squad' is doing some work. So it is subject case. 'Flying' a Gerund is modifying it.

He stopped the running water.

'Water' is Object  here and 'running' is modifying it i.e. its Adjective.

 Besides a Gerund, a Present Participle also qualifies a noun. For example:

A swimming person feels light.

Here person is a noun and Swimming is a Gerund qualifying it. A Gerund is acting as an adjective. Person is doing some work it is subject. It is a doer.

A Swimming pool is under construction.

Here 'pool' is a noun and Swimming qualifies it. It acts as an adjective. Here pool is not a doer. Pool is not Swimming. Its quality is Swimming. A pool that is used for Swimming. So its adjective 'Swimming' is present pariciple.

In active voice subject is the doer and Object is recipent. But sometimes object is also doer. Both subject and Object are doers. 

John saw Smith.

John is subject the doer.

John saw Smith singing.

Here both subject and Object are doers. 

Here present Participle 'singing' is used.

Similarly 

John allowed Smith to go.

In this case both Subject and Object are doers. Both subject and object are doing work. Here infinitive 'to go' is used. Sometimes 'to' is omitted and bare infinitive is used. 

John allowed Smith go.

Here are some examples of Nouns used as adjectives.

Light house, House boat, Rock salt, Sun light, Ship yard, Stone wall, Cricket ball, Rock garden, Flower pot, Day light, Book binder,Battle field, Cow dung, Sun burn, Bathroom, Honey trap, 

CONVERSION OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE INTO A COMPOUND SENTENCE & VICE VERSA

 A Simple sentence contains  a clause and finite verb. A Compound sentence contains a Principal clause and at least one co-ordinate clause. In order to change a Simple sentence into a Compound sentence a word or a phrase in a simple sentence is expanded into a co-ordinate clause. A conjunction according to the meaning and sense of the sentence is used while making a compound sentence. 

A compound sentence contains an independent clause. It may contain one or more co-ordinate clauses. The main conjunctions used while making a complex sentence are And, But, So, Or, Nor, Otherwise, Else, Not only....but also, Either....or, Niether....nor etc.

EXAMPLES

Despite hard work, he failed.

He worked hard but he failed. 

In the first sentence, the phrase 'Despite hard work' has been changed to a clause 'He worked hard' and a conjunction 'but' has been added. 

Walk fast to reach in time.

Walk fast otherwise you will be late. The infinitive 'to reach' has been expanded to a clause  'you will be late' conjunction is 'otherwise'.

There are more than one co-ordinate clauses also used in the sentence. 

Going around the fair, meeting with her friends, she felt very happy.

She went around the fair, she met with her friends and she felt very happy.

CONVERSION OF A COMPOUND SENTENCE INTO A SIMPLE SENTENCE

Similarly a compound sentence can be changed into a simple sentence. A compound sentence has a Principal clause and one or more co-ordinate clauses. A co- ordinate clause is changed into phrase etc. 

He is hard of hearing so he cannot hear well.

Being hard of hearing he cannot hear well.

A clause 'He is hard of hearing' has been changed to 'Being hard of hearing'.

He is very intelligent and he is hard working also.

Besides being intelligent he is hard working  also.

EXERCISE

 Change the following simple sentences into compound sentences.

1. Being busy in the office I could not attend the function.

2. Besides being an athlete he is a swimmer also.

3. Inspite of trying hard he could not get the job.

4. He must work hard to clear his examination.

5. Mohan was punished for his carelessness.

ANSWERS

1. I was busy in the office so I could not attend the function.

2. He is not only an athlete but also a swimmer.

3. He tried hard but he could not get the job.

4. He must work hard otherwise he will not clear his examination.

5. Mohan was careless so he was punished.

CONVERSION OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE INTO A SIMPLE SENTENCE

 

A sentence generally consists of a Subject, Verb and Object. Sometimes object is missing. But verb is an essential part of the sentence. A sentence cannot be without a verb. Only A verb too can form a complete sentence. Start. This is a complete sentence.

Sentences are usually of three types, Simple, Complex and Compound sentence. 

A simple sentence can be changed into a complex sentence and vice versa without changing its sense and meaning.

A complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence in the following manners. 

BY USING AN INFINITIVE

A complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence by replacing a clause of the sentence by an infinitive. 

He wanted that I should teach him.

He wanted me to teach him.

She expected that I should help her.

She expected me to help her.

BY USING A PRESENT PARTICIPLE

A  complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence by using a Present Participle   in place of a clause in the sentence . 

He fell down when he was crossing the road.

While crossing the road he fell down.

He started doing his job when he was studying.

While studying he started doing his job.

BY USING A PAST PARTICIPLE

A  complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence by using a Past Participle   in place of a clause in the sentence . 

He heaved a sigh of relief after he received his payment.

Having received his payment he heaved a sigh of relief.

He surrendered after he was defeated in the battle.

Defeated in the battle he surrendered.

BY USING A NOUN

A  complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence by substituting a noun in place of a clause in the sentence.

He was rewarded as he acted bravely.

He was rewarded for his act of bravery.

The meeting was adjourned as they could not decide anything.

The meeting was adjourned without

 any decision. OR

They adjourned the meeting without taking any decision.

The Principal stressed that the premises should be clean.

The Principal stressed on cleanliness of the premises.

BY USING A GERUND

A  complex sentence can be changed into a simple sentence by substituting a gerund in place of a clause in the sentence.

He started shouting when he  saw fire in the store.

Seeing fire in the store he started shouting.

He cited so many examples while he explained his point of view.

Citing so many examples he explained his point of view.

EXERCISE ONE

1. A person who is hard-working and intelligent never fails.

2. What he said was true.

3. Pay attention to what I say.

4. He has no suggestion that he can offer.

5. I get up when the sun rises.

6. When the cat is away the mice will play.

7. I wish that he should succeed.

8. The person who wears a crown is sure to lie uneasy.

9. As soon as he arrived all stood up.

10. I donot know who wrote this book.

Exercise TWO

1. He was retired from his service when he turned sixty.

2. The driver applied brakes when he saw a child coming towards his vehicle.

3. India turned down the request of America as it was not acceptable.

4. The Minister left for Rajghat after he took the oath.

5. He left India when he was fifteen.

6. The fox started praising the crow when she saw a piece of cheese in its mouth.

7. He was scared when he saw a snake in the garden.

8. The judge adjourned the court after he delivered  his judgement.

9. No one knows who he is.

10. Can you tell me which road leads to the station?

ANSWERS

EXERCISE ONE

1. A hard-wotking and intelligent person never fails.

2. He said truth.

3. Attend to my saying.

4. He has no suggestion to offer.

5. I get up at the sun- rise.

6. In the absence of cat the mice will play.

7. I wish him to succeed.

OR I wish him success.

8. The person wearing a crown is sure to lie uneasy.

9. On his arrival all stood up.

10. I donot know the writer of this book.

EXERCISE TWO

1. On turning sixty he was retired from his service.

2. Seeing the child coming to his vehicle the driver applied brakes.

3. It being not acceptable India turned down the request of America.

4. Taking the oath the minister left for Rajghat.

5. He left India at the age of fifteen.

6. Seeing a piece of cheese in its mouth the fox started praising the crow.

7. He was scared on seeing a snake in the garden.

8. After delivering his judgement the judge adjourned the court.

9. No one knows him.

10. Can you tell me the road leading to the station?

CONVERSION OF SIMPLE SENTENCE INTO COMPLEX SENTENCE

Sentences  are of three types Simple, Complex and Compound sentences.

These forms of sentences are used in the language according to convenience and part of speech to be stressed in a particular situation.

In ordinary language simple sentences as well as other forms of sentences are used. 

The structure of a simple sentence is generally a Subject Verb and Object. Sometimes the object is missing.

Boys fly kites. 'Boys' is subject, 'fly' is a verb and 'kites' object. Sometimes the sentence is without any object. Boys laugh. 'Boys' is Subject and 'laugh' is a verb.

Verb is the main part of the sentence as without a verb a sentence is not possible. Though a verb only can form a sentence. Run. Only one word 'Run' can suffice the purpose of a sentence.

Verbs are Finite and Infinite verbs.

A finite verb changes with person, number and gender of the subject. But an infinite verb does not change with these changes. Infinite verbs are Gerund, Infinitive and Present Participle and Past Participle. 

A finite verb is necessary for forming a sentence. A sentence is generally in active form. For an active form sentence a finite verb is necessary to convert it into a passive form. Sentences can be active or passive according to verb used in them. Sometimes a sentence is in active form but its sense is in passive form.

 For example : 

Boys fly kites in the sky.

(Active form)

Kites are flown in the sky by boys. 

(Passive form)

Kites fly in the sky.

(Active form but sense passive).

CONVERSION FROM SIMPLE INTO COMPLEX FORM

BY CHANGING A GERUND TO A CLAUSE.

A simple sentence contains one clause whereas a complex sentence contains one or more than one clauses. For changing a simple into a complex sentence we have to increase its clauses from one to more than one.

A hunter shot at the flying bird.

This sentence contains one clause. It has one finite verb in it i.e. 'shot'.

The hunter shot at the bird which was flying.

This sentence has two clauses and two finite verbs i.e. 'shot' and 'flying'.

In first sentence 'flying' is non finite verb i.e. Gerund. It has been changed into a clause in the second sentence.

So a simple sentence can be changed into complex one by changing a Gerund used in it.

BY CHANGING A PAST PARTICIPLE INTO A CLAUSE.

A simple sentence can be changed into a complex one by changing a Past Participle used in it to a clause.

The carpenter repaired the broken chair. 

This is a simple sentence and it contains one verb repaired and a Past Participle broken. If the Past Participle broken is changed into a clause it will become a complex sentence.

The carpenter repaired a chair which was broken.

In this sentence there are two finite verbs 'repaired' and 'broken'. It has two clauses so it is a complex sentence. 

BY CHANGING AN INFINITIVE TO A CLAUSE

An infinitive in a sentence can be changed into a clause to make a simple sentnce a complex sentence. 

His mother asked him to go to the market.

His mother asked him that he should go to the market,

Here infinitive to go is changed to a clause that he should go to.

For joining the two clauses together a conjunction that has been used. 

You wanted me to join the party.

You wanted that I should join the party.

BY CHANGING A NOUN TO A CLAUSE

A simple sentence containing a noun can be changed into a complex sentence by making a clause of the noun.

We discussed the matter on his departure.

Here departure is a noun of verb depart. This noun will be changed into a clause. 

We discussed the matter when he departed.

To put both the clauses together a conjunction when is added to the sentence.

The meeting started on the arrival of the president.

The meeting started when the president arrived. 

BY CHANGING A PARTICIPLE TO A CLAUSE

A participle in a sentence can be changed into a clause.

Enraged over his remarks he left the meeting.  OR

He enraged over his remarks left the meeting.

As he was enraged over his remarks he left the meeting.

Because he was enraged over his remarks he left the meeting.

OR

He left the meeting as he was enraged over his remarks.

He left the meeting because he was enraged over his remarks.

BY ADDING A CLAUSE OF OWN

A simple sentence can be changed into a complex one by adding a clause of own.

The man guarding at the gate did not allow him entry.

The man who was guarding at the gate did not allow him entry.

Those living in glass houses should not throw stones at others.

Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones at others.

The man helping me is my teacher.

The man who is helping me is my teacher.

EXERCISE ONE

1. While walking on the road, he found a purse.

2. We should help the needy person.

3. By taking some medicine you will feel better.

4. Feeling sick he did not go to his office yesterday.

5. Drenched in rain I felt cold.

6. He did not want me to share the details.

7. They grew suspicious on his abrupt departure.

8. During my visit to them I enjoyed their company very much.

9. He wanted to communicate with you.

10. On attaining the age of five he went to school.

EXERCISE TWO

1. Taking overripe fruit is injurious to health.

2. He grew old with the passage of time.

3. Barking dogs seldom bite.

4. Fearing his defeat he did not participate in the competition.

5. The machinery  worn out in the second year.

6.Encouraged by good results, he started his new term enthusiastically.

7. Failing to get good marks he could not get admission.

8. He was sitting on a wooden chair.

9. She wanted me to participate in the competetion.

10. I saw him swimming across the river.

ANSWERS

EXERCISE ONE

1. While he was walking on the road, he found a purse.

2. We should help the person who is in need.

3. If you take  some medicine you will feel better.

4. As he was feeling sick, he did not go to his office yesterday.

5. As I was drenched in rain, I felt cold.

6. He did not want 

 that I should share the details.

7. They grew suspicious when he departed abruptly.

8. I enjoyed their company very much when I visited them.

9. He wanted that he should communicate with you.

10. He went to school when he attained the age of five.

EXERCISE TWO

 1. If fruit are taken overripe, these are injurious to health.

2. As  time passed on

 he grew old.

 3. The dogs which bark seldom bite.

4. He did not participate in the competition as he feared his defeat.

5. As the second year was on the machinery worn out.

6. He started his new term enthusiastically

 as he was encouraged by good results.

7. He could not get admission because he failed to get good marks.

8. He was sitting on a chair which is made of wood.

9. She wanted that I participate in the competetion.

10. I saw him while he was swimming across the river.

MOCK TEST QUESTION PAPER (English Section) of Competitive Examinations of BANKS OR INSURANCE Cos. etc.-Duly solved-- Answers with Explanations

 

                                                

These days in competitive examinations there are questions in various forms  relating to language and grammar application  to examine knowledge of candidates. These questions  change in their forms from one  examination  to other but the basic purpose remains the same. 

Here are some questions of this type for practice.

Question :

(1)  Fill in the blanks numbered in the following passage by selecting an appropriate word from the options given against each number. 

The Green Revolution made India a food grain surplus country. However some other issues like  1..................of groundwater, deterioration of soil fertility and excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers etc. cropped   2................This led stakeholders to consider 3..................of crops including resorting to high value crops such as fruit and vegetables and non-traditional ones like flowers or mushrooms etc. These crops have great potential to   4.............. farm income of cultivators.

 Today India’s total horticulture production is  5...............  that of food grains. India ranks second (after China) in fruit and vegetable production in the world. The massive production offers India  6...............opportunities for exports. Grapes, pomegranates, mangoes, bananas and oranges are the major items of fruit exported from India while onions, potatoes, tomatoes and green chillies  etc.  are the vegetables that India  7............. exports. Major destinations for fresh fruit and vegetables are Bangladesh, Iraq, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, Oman Qatar, Sri Lanka, the UAE and the UK. India exports processed fruit and vegetables to Bangladesh, China, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and the US. In order to enhance its export business of fruit and vegetables in a big way,  India 8................. certain practices and regulations for maintaining an exportable quality of produce.

 The producers have to comply  9...........world-class quality norms to avoid rejection from importing countries or buyers. Export to European countries or the US mandates  stringent regulation on the pesticides residue levels and heavy metals in fruit and vegetables. A crop is not tradable if it exceeds the maximum residue levels. Therefore the producers and exporters must comply with the levels 10.........by the importing countries.For India a world class logistics and infrastructure ecosystem too  needs to be in place to boost export of fruit and vegetables. 

(OPTIONS)

1. a. augmentation b. restoration c. escalation d. depletion.

2. a. in b. up c. about d. upon

3. a. consolidation b. modification c. diversification d. Mollification

4. a. rise b. raise c. thrust d. expand 

5. a.surpassing b. overpowering c. competing d. daring 

6. a. considered b. urgent c. immediate d. major 

7. a. basically  b. largely c.initially  d. sparingly 

8. a. has to follow  b. need follow c. require following d. have to follow

9. a. about b. for c. with d. after 

10. a. said b. put c. shown d. set  

(Answers - 1. d  2. b  3. c 4. b  5. a  6. d  7. b  8.a 9.c 10.d.)

(2)  Select the correct voice form of the sentence out of the given options.

1. Hamlet suspected the queen poisoned the king.

a. The king is suspected to have been poisoned by the queen.

b. Hamlet suspected the king was poisoned by the queen.

c. Hamlet suspected the king had been poisoned by the queen.

2. Children have gone to see the circus.

a. Children have gone to the circus to be seen.

b. Children have gone for the circus to be seen.

c. Children have been gone to the circus to be seen.

(3)  Select the part of the sentence that contains an error if there is no error mark (e) No error.

A.The memories of good old days (a)   I spent here   are recalled (b) in my mind whenever I (c) visit this city though for a short time even. (d) No error (e)

B. The news that examination  is (a) postponed spread like a wild fire in the city and (b) all the students preparing for the examination(c) got upset to hear this news.(d) No error (e)

(4)  Find out the synonym of the word.

A. Restitute 

a. Progress

b. Restore

c. Confront

B. Loutish 

a. urbane 

b. homogenous 

c. boorish 

C. Snobbery 

a. Arrogance

b. Proximity

c. Nobility

(5)  Find out the antonym of the word.

A. Holistic 

a. Divisive

b. Wholesome

c. Functional

B. Parry

a. Impede

b. Evade

c. Hasten

C. Dubious

a. Uncertain

b. Confirmed

c. Harmful

(6)  Select the appropriate meaning  of the idiom from the given options. 

A.  Go with a bang

a. To behave in a churlish manner.

b.  To act in an aggressive manner.

c. To feel excited on succeeding

B.  Under the cloud

a. To feel extremely happy

b. To suspect something or someone. 

c. To be uncertain about something.

(7)  Find out the wrongly spelt word out of the following

1.

a. Susceptible

b. Gullible

c. Decible

2.

a. Insolubrious  

b. flamboyant

c. Draconian

(8)  Select the correct Narration form of the sentence out of the given options.

1. The board hanging on the wall reads,"Entry in the garden is prohibited. Trespassers will be prosecuted."

a. The board hanging on the wall reads not to enter the garden and orders  that trespassers would be prosecuted. 

b. The board hanging on the wall prohibits entry into the garden and cautions trespassers that they will be prosecuted. 

c. The board hanging on the wall prohibited them to enter the garden and cautioned them that trespassers would be prosecuted. 

 

2. Her mother said," Where she has gone is not known to me, my son, you will have to wait until she returns."

a. Her mother asked  where she had gone was not known to her and her son would have to wait until she returned.

b. Her mother asked her son where she had gone was not known to her and he would have to wait until she returned.

c. Her mother told her son that where she had gone was not known to her and he would have to wait until she returned.

9. Select the correct meaning of the underlined portion of the sentence out of given options.

A.

The principal requirement for a successful leader is that he or she should lead by example. 

a. Follow examples of others.

b. Put his words into own practice.

c. Make show of his deeds.

B.

Cancelation of examination has taken a heavy toll on the mental and emotional wellbeing of the candidates.

a. Make a good impact. 

b. Cause a heavy expenditure. 

c. To cause a bad effect.

10. Arrange the following sentences in a meaningful way.

(P) But these all cannot be taken for granted to be  genuine and true. There is every likelihood of their being fake and manipulated to gain reputation of the suppliers.

(Q)The claims made by suppliers and reviews by prior users on the site generally make the basis  of the prospective buyers’ decision of making purchases. 

(R) This necessitates ensuring that the supplies on their delivery made  are  genuine and  as promised. 

(S) These days there is an increasing trend of making online purchases of services and products among people. People of all ages prefer making purchases on line. 

(Answer : 1. SRQP  2. SQRP  3. PQSR  4. QRSP

MOCK TEST QUESTION PAPER (English Section) of Competitive Examinations of BANKS OR INSURANCE Cos. etc.-Duly solved-- Answers with Explanations

 

There are questions relating to language and grammar application in competititve examination papers to assess knowledge and application of grammar rules. These questions are of different types but the basic content remains the same. Here are some questions of this type for practice.

Question :

1. Read thefollowing passage and answer the questions following it.

Reading provides a man a strange type of pleasure besides it is instructive as well. It not only gives him ecstasy but also sharpens his intellect. Reading books of different types drives a man from his worries and cares of life. All human beings start enjoying pleasures of reading right from childhood.To begin with a child learns the ways of life through reading and writing. He derives his pleasure through reciting a small poem about an animal, a few sentences about toys or learning a little prose about small things of surroundings.

Reading newspapers, periodicals or journals etc. falls under the category of light reading. These impart knowledge to their reader and keeps him abreast of the day to day events happening around him. These also contain articles which increase the wit and knowledge of the reader. Besides knowledge boosting, there is another category of books which provides a pastime reading to the reader. These books contain luxurious fiction that has abilty to create and sustain the interest of the reader. These creations of imagination are  equally  connected with real life. As such these create a niche of interest and pleasure in the mind of the reader.

Man by nature is fond of making adventures. As reading about such adventures provides a man glamour and romanticism of life. Books of travel and adventure are such another type of books that a man likes. These infuse a sense of fearlessness and inspiration among the readers. The books of adventures of travelling are among the best books of literature.  

Undoubtedly, books are a gold mine of knowledge, art, literature and science. They are not only useful and instructive but are also entertaining and recreative. Whatever type of books one reads, the reading is always a source of pleasure and enjoyment.

On the basis of aforesaid paragraph choose  answers of questions. 

1. What types of benefits a man gets from reading?

a. People in the habit of reading get expositive type of knowledge.

b. People get ostensive type of knowledge from reading.

c. Reading imparts elucidative knowledge to readers.

d. Reading provides interpretation and clarity about different concepts. 

(1. a & b  2. a &d  3. a,b & c  4. a,c & d)

2. Choose the correct one out of the following statements.

a. Reading gives to the reader enjoyment and pleasure only.

b. A Reader gets mutifarious benefits from reading.

c. Reading imparts to the reader didactic type of benefits only.

d. Reading is instructive, elucidative, venturesome and delightful.

(1. a&c 2. b&c 3. b&d  4. a&d )

3. Point out the incorrect statement.

a. Reading gives pleasure and enjoyment to the reader.

b. Reading alleviates worries of the reader.

c. Reading takes away the reader from realities of life.

d. Reading makes the reader valiant and perceptible.

4. Which of the following words give the meaning opposite to ecstasy?

a. Rapture b. Agony c. Euphoria.

5.  "As  reading about such  adventures provides a man glamour and romanticism of life."

The writer in this sentnce wants to convey that-

- It provides an escape route for a man from drudgery of life. 

- these books are alluring in nature.

- Books make perception of life for a man fascinating.

6. The habit of reading is inculcated in human beings ...

a. when he comes in contact with intelligentsia.

b. when he is in  primitive age of life.

c. when a man gets mature enough to understand.

7. Select the word in paragraph that means the same as

 'precarious '

a. strange

b. recreative

c. Instructive

8. Select the part that contains an error in the following sentence.

(a) It is a different category of 

(b)  books that not only develop intellect 

(c) of the reader but also helps in making 

(d)  a better approach towards life.

(e) No Error.

9.  Books of which following  types provide knowledge and pleasure to a reader.

a. Books of casual reading.

b. Books of fiction.

c. Books of adventures.

1. ac 2. abc 3. ab

10.  Select the correct option meaning the marked part in the following  sentence.

Books are a gold mine of knowledge, art, literature and science.

a. enshrine.

b. encumber.

c. treasure 

(11)  Select from following  what the idiom from passage  'to keep abreast of' mean.

a. To make a confession

b. To inquire into

c. To remain informed. 

(Answers: 1.4.  2.3  3.c 4.b  5.c  6.b 7.a  8.b 9.2. 10.c 11.c)

2. Select the word in the following ones which is different in meaning from others.

a. Fervent

b. Surreptitious

c. Ardent

d. Torrid

(Answer b)

3. Select the correct option giving the meaning of the phrase.

(A) To talk turkey

a. To speak strongly against something or someone.

b. To discuss something openly and honestly.

c. To pursue something which is unlikely to be achieved.

(B) Brow beat

a. To praise

b. To protest

c. To bully 

(C) Yoeman's service

a. Excellent work

b. Fruitless effort

c. Timely help

(Answers : A.b B.a C.a)

4.Arrange the sentences PQRS in meaningful way, A and B being the first and last sentence of the paaragraph.

A. China landed its space craft 'lunar probe'  successfully on the far side of the Moon to collect samples.

P .It is claimed that it is the first time that samples will be collected from the rarely explored area of the moon.

Q.Scientists believe that it holds great promise for research because its craters are less covered by ancient lava flows than the near side.

R. Materials collected from the dark side may better shed light on how the moon formed in the first place. 

S. The Moon's far side is also called dark side  because it is invisible from Earth. It is so not because it never catches the Sun's rays.

B.The samples thus collected  will provide insight into the formation of solar system and differences between the unexplored side of the moon and its better understood side facing earth. 

(OPTIONS : SQRP,  PQSR, SPQR, RQPS)

(Answer : SQRP)

(5)  Select the correct option as passive form the sentence.

1.Flowing river swayed away wooden logs.

a. Wooden logs are swayed away by flowing river.

b. Wooden logs were swayed away by flowing river.

c. Wooden logs were swayed away in flowing river.

(Answer: c)

2. We should not eat fruit raw.

a. Fruit should not be eaten raw.

b. Fruit are not  eaten raw by us.

 c. Raw fruit should not be eaten by us.

(Answer: a)

(6)  Select the correct option as Narration of the following sentence.

"Well done!," said the manager to the captain,"Your team has shown a splendid performance."

a. The Manager praised the captain saying that he had done well and told him that his team had shown a splendid performance.

b. The Manager exclaimed to the captain that he did well and told him that his team had shown a splendid performance.

c. The Manager applauded the captain saying that he did  well and told him that his team  showed a splendid performance.

(Answer: a)

(7)  Select the correct option that gives the meaning of the italicised part of the sentence.

A. 

Brevity is an art which can be acquired by developing skill in the choice of words for more effectiveness. Verbosity is the enemy of wit and brevity is the soul of wit. The epigrammatic and crisp sayings of  great orators and writers are always remembered and quoted.

a. Brief and not lengthy way of expression shows inteeligence of a man.

b. Brief and not lengthy way of expression makes a man intelligent and wise.

c. Brevity is the yardstick to asses intelligence of a man.

d. None of these.

B

A rash and impulsive man takes his decision without thinking. He is gullible and falls prey to allurement and glamour of the world. He gets easily excited and rushes to act madly.

a. He is innocent and is unable to take his decisions himself.

b. He is credulous and is swayed by outward show of things.

c. He lacks farsightedness and is enchanted by outer beauty of persons.

d. None of these.

(Answer: A.b  B.b)

(8)  Fill in the blanks with an appropriate pair of words out of the given options. 

1.

By planting trees on roadsides and ............ of towns and villages we can save land from ..................

a. periphery , afforestattion

b. vicinity, erosion.

c. outskirts, deforestation

2.

All the countrymen should............the spirit of service and sacrifice from great men of ..........

a. inculcate, power

b. imbibe, wisdom

c. emulate, yore.

(Answer: 1.c  2.c)

(9)  Fill in the blanks numbered in the following passage by selecting an appropriate word from the options given against each number. 

The Green Revolution made India a food grain surplus country. However some other issues like 1..................of groundwater, deterioration of soil fertility and excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers etc. cropped 2................This led stakeholders to consider 3..................of crops including resorting to high value crops such as fruit and vegetables and non-traditional ones like flowers or mushrooms etc. These crops have great potential to 4.............. farm income of cultivators.

 Today India’s total horticulture production is5...............  that of food grains. India ranks second (after China) in fruit and vegetable production in the world. The massive production offers India  6...............opportunities for exports. Grapes, pomegranates, mangoes, bananas and oranges are the major items of fruit exported from India while onions, potatoes, tomatoes and green chillies  etc.  are the vegetables that India7............. exports. Major destinations for fresh fruit and vegetables are Bangladesh, Iraq, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, Oman Qatar, Sri Lanka, the UAE and the UK. India exports processed fruit and vegetables to Bangladesh, China, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and the US. In order to enhance its export business of fruit and vegetables in a big way,  India 8................. certain practices and regulations for maintaining an exportable quality of produce.

 The producers have to comply  9...........world-class quality norms to avoid rejection from importing countries or buyers. Export to European countries or the US mandates  stringent regulation on the pesticides residue levels and heavy metals in fruit and vegetables. A crop is not tradable if it exceeds the maximum residue levels. Therefore the producers and exporters must comply with the levels 10.........by the importing countries.For India a world class logistics and infrastructure ecosystem too  needs to be in place to boost export of fruit and vegetables. 

(OPTIONS)

1. a. augmentation b. restoration c. escalation d. depletion.

2. a. inb. up c. about d. upon

3. a. consolidation b. modification c. diversification d. modification

4. a. rise b. raise c. thrust d. expand 

5. a.surpassing b. overpowering c. competing d.daring 

6. a. considered b. urgent c. immediate d.major 

7. a.basically  b. largely c.initially  d. sparingly 

8. a.has to follow b. need follow c. require following d.have to follow

9. a. about b.for c. with d. after 

10. a. said b. put c. shown d.set  

(Answers - 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. d 7. b 8.a 9.c 10.d.)

(10)  Select the correct voice form of the sentence out of the given options.

1. Hamlet suspected the queen poisoned the king.

a. The king is suspected to have been poisoned by the queen.

b. Hamlet suspected the king was poisoned by the queen.

c. Hamlet suspected the king had been poisoned by the queen.

2. Children have gone to see the circus.

a. Children have gone to the circus to be seen.

b. Children have gone for the circus to be seen.

c. Children have been gone to the circus to be seen.

(11)  Select the part of the sentence that contains an error if there is no error mark (e) No error.

A.The memories of good old days (a)   I spent here   are recalled (b) in my mind whenever I (c) visit this city though for a short time even. (d) No error (e)

B. The news that examinations  are (a) postponed spread like a wild fire in the city and (b) all the students preparing for the examination(c) got upset to hear this news.(d) No error (e)

(12)  Find out the synonym of the word.

A. Restitute 

a. Progress

b. Restore

c. Confront

B. Loutish 

a. urbane 

b. homogenous 

c. boorish 

C. Snobbery 

a. Arrogance

b. Proximity

c. Nobility

(13)  Find out the antonym of the word.

A. Holistic 

a. Divisive

b. Wholesome

c. Functional

B. Parry

a. Impede

b. Evade

c. Hasten

C. Dubious

a. Uncertain

b. Confirmed

c. Harmful